The factor structure of the general health questionnaire (GHQ12) in Saudi Arabia

El-Metwally, Ashraf; Javed, Sundas; Razzak, Hira Abdul; Aldossari, Khaled K.; Aldiab, Abdurrahman; Al-Ghamdi, Sameer; Househ, Mowafa; Shubair, Mamdouh M.; Al-Zahrani, Jamaan

doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3381-6

Cited by 56 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…Each item is rated separately on a four-point scale (less than usual, no more than usual, rather more than usual, or much more than usual) and it gives a total score of 12 or 36 based on the selected scoring method [33]. The GHQ-12 tends to have good specificity, reliability, and reasonably high sensitivity [34, 35]. The validity and reliability of this questionnaire has also been evaluated in Iran [36].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of chronic pain and its associated factors among Saudi Al-Kharj population; a cross sectional study

El-Metwally

Shaikh

Aldiab

et al. 2019

BMC Musculoskelet Disord

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Background Chronic pain (CP) can be a symptom of many underlying health issues. The consequences of CP may vary from slight discomfort to disruption of quality of life and normal functioning. In this study, we aim to investigate the prevalence of CP and its associated factors in Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia. We recruited 1031 participants for our study. Data was collected on socio-demographic, health predictors and anthropometric measurements (such as weight, height and waist circumference). The data analysis was performed on JMP®, Version 12. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, 1989–2007. Results The prevalence of self-reported chronic pain in Al Kharj population was 19% with a mean age of 26.4 (SD = 8.6) years. The most common locations of pain included; back pain (30%), abdominal pain (26%), headache (13%), and any musculoskeletal pain (56%). Multiple logistic regression revealed that presence of a chronic disease (OR = 3.8; 95% CI = 2.3–6.2), psychological disease (OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.2–4.3), high General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)-12 score (OR = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.03–1.1), and pack-years of smoking (OR = 1.05; 95% CI = 1.01–1.08) were significantly related to chronic pain in Al Kharj population. Conclusions Our study results found a high burden of chronic pain in this selected Saudi population. The most prevalent pain was low back pain. The presence of chronic and psychological diseases were strongly related to chronic pain. Future prospective studies are needed to establish the temporal relationship of chronic pain with these factors.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of chronic pain and its associated factors among Saudi Al-Kharj population; a cross sectional study

El-Metwally

Shaikh

Aldiab

et al. 2019

BMC Musculoskelet Disord

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“…The GHQ-12 was used in other studies with diabetic subjects and is a valid and reliable instrument that mainly segregates the population of subjects into those with psychiatric/mental illness and those without, making the achievement of our aims and objectives possible [303132].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Prediabetes, Diabetes and Its Predictors among Females in Alkharj, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Al-Zahrani

Aldiab

Aldossari

et al. 2019

Annals of Global Health

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Background/Objective: The prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes is reaching epidemic proportions across the globe. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes, together with its accompanying risk factors, among young females. Methods: An exploratory cross-sectional survey was conducted with 638 Saudi females in Alkharj, Saudi Arabia. Statistical analysis was carried out using STATA version 14. Odds ratios for the risk of diabetes and associated factors were calculated using log-binomial and multinomial logistic regression. Standardized prevalence and strata-specific prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes for different risk factors were also calculated. Findings: The study revealed that nondiabetics and prediabetics were more prevalent between the ages of 18 and 24 years, while diabetic patients were consistently between 25 to 44 years of age. The average value for HbA1c in females was 5.44. Regression analysis shows that being older, married, obese, a smoker or less educated significantly increases the risk for both prediabetes and diabetes. Mutivariable analysis revealed obesity had a significant association with both prediabetes and diabetes. Prediabetics were 2.35 times more likely to be obese as compared to nondiabetics, with 95% CI (1.38–3.99). Similarly, diabetics were 6.67 times more likely to be obese compared to nondiabetics 95% CI (1.68–26.42). Conclusion: Our study shows the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes among females from Al Kharj was 3.8% and 18.8%, respectively. The diabetic and prediabetic female participants had higher mean BMI and waist circumference, were older in age, were married, and smoked as compared to nondiabetics. In the context of the findings of our study, and keeping in view the the burden of this disease globally and in our population, it has now become extremely important to understand these factors and encourage health-promoting behaviors to construct effective interventions.

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“…General mental health can be measured by structured interview protocols, such as the revised Clinical Interview Schedule (12) and Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (13) or self-report instruments including the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) (14), the Affect Balance Scale (ABS) (15), the Symptom Checklist (SCL) (16) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) (17). Among self-report instruments, the 12-item GHQ (GHQ-12) is one of the most widely used tools in epidemiological surveys (14,18), and has been well validated as a measure of psychiatric symptoms related to depression and anxiety, social dysfunction and lack of confidence (19,20). Negative health outcomes of poor mental health include cognitive dysfunction, impaired social functioning, lower quality of life, and even increased risk of suicide and mortality (21)(22)(23)(24).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Socio-Demographic Correlates of Poor Mental Health Among Older Adults in Agricultural Areas of China

Jin

Zhang

et al. 2020

Front. Psychiatry

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Objective: Poor mental health is associated with impaired social functioning, lower quality of life, and increased risk of suicide and mortality. This study examined the prevalence of poor general mental health among older adults (aged 65 years and above) and its sociodemographic correlates in Hebei province, which is a predominantly agricultural area of China. Methods: This epidemiological survey was conducted from April to August 2016. General mental health status was assessed using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Results: A total of 3,911 participants were included. The prevalence of poor mental health (defined as GHQ-12 total score ≥ 4) was 9.31% [95% confidence interval (CI): 8.4-10.2%]. Multivariable logistic regression analyses found that female gender [P < 0.001, odds ratio (OR) = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.29-2.07], lower education level (P = 0.048, OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.00-1.75), lower annual household income (P = 0.005, OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.17-2.51), presence of major medical conditions (P < 0.001, OR = 2.95, 95% CI: 2.19-3.96) and family history of psychiatric disorders (P < 0.001, OR = 3.53, 95% CI: 2.02-6.17) were significantly associated with poor mental health. Conclusion: The prevalence of poor mental health among older adults in a predominantly agricultural area was lower than findings from many other countries and areas in China. However, continued surveillance of mental health status among older adults in China is still needed.

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The factor structure of the general health questionnaire (GHQ12) in Saudi Arabia

Cited by 56 publications

References 42 publications

The prevalence of chronic pain and its associated factors among Saudi Al-Kharj population; a cross sectional study

The prevalence of chronic pain and its associated factors among Saudi Al-Kharj population; a cross sectional study

Prevalence of Prediabetes, Diabetes and Its Predictors among Females in Alkharj, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Prevalence and Socio-Demographic Correlates of Poor Mental Health Among Older Adults in Agricultural Areas of China

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