The Factor Structure of the Beck Depression Inventory–II

Vanheule, Stijn; Desmet, Mattias; Groenvynck, Hans; Rosseel, Yves; Fontaine, Johnny

doi:10.1177/1073191107311261

Cited by 145 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Results of recent studies using systematic confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) suggest that what is measured with the BDI-II is not a unidimensional construct (e.g., Vanheule et al 2008). On that basis, Vanheule et al (2008) recommend the use of three unidimensional subscales, which assess a somatic, an affective, and a cognitive dimension instead of one global score.…”

Section: Self-compassion Scale Short Form (Scs-sf)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Self-Compassion on the Development of Depression Symptoms in a Non-clinical Sample

Raes

2011

Mindfulness

167

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Self-compassion, or the ability to kindly accept oneself while suffering, is a topic of significant and growing scientific interest. Past research has shown, for example, that self-compassion is associated with less concurrent depression. So far, however, it remained untested whether self-compassion also prospectively predicts depression symptoms. Three hundred and forty-seven first-year psychology students (303 women; 44 men), ages 17-36, completed measures of self-compassion and depression symptoms at two assessments separated by a 5-month period. Results showed that self-compasion significantly predicted changes in depression symptoms, such that higher levels of self-compassion at baseline were significantly associated with greater reductions and/or smaller increases in such symptoms over the 5-month interval. These findings are consistent with the idea that self-compassion respresents a potentially important protective factor for emotional problems such as depression. Additional analyses further suggest that self-compassion is a relatively stable traitlike characteristic.

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Section: Self-compassion Scale Short Form (Scs-sf)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Self-Compassion on the Development of Depression Symptoms in a Non-clinical Sample

Raes

2011

Mindfulness

167

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“…Nevertheless, some studies have suggested that the structure of BDI-II can be best described as three-dimensional, distributing the cognitive-affective dimension into two distinct factors. 17,20,41,56,66,98,122,136 Further analyses revealed that the BDI-II presents reasonable factorial invariance when assessing the severity of depressive symptoms; this covariance structure is equivalent across gender and ethnicity in American college students 58 and across gender in Taiwanese college students and adolescents. 60,61 Sophisticated alternative structural analysis of the BDI-II was strengthened by two investigative breakthroughs: the hierarchical model and the bifactor model.…”

Section: Content and Construct Validitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review

Wang

Gorenstein

2013

Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.

1,158

765

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Objective: To review the psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) as a self-report measure of depression in a variety of settings and populations. Methods: Relevant studies of the BDI-II were retrieved through a search of electronic databases, a hand search, and contact with authors. Retained studies (k = 118) were allocated into three groups: non-clinical, psychiatric/institutionalized, and medical samples. Results: The internal consistency was described as around 0.9 and the retest reliability ranged from 0.73 to 0.96. The correlation between BDI-II and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-I) was high and substantial overlap with measures of depression and anxiety was reported. The criterion-based validity showed good sensitivity and specificity for detecting depression in comparison to the adopted gold standard. However, the cutoff score to screen for depression varied according to the type of sample. Factor analysis showed a robust dimension of general depression composed by two constructs: cognitive-affective and somatic-vegetative. Conclusions: The BDI-II is a relevant psychometric instrument, showing high reliability, capacity to discriminate between depressed and non-depressed subjects, and improved concurrent, content, and structural validity. Based on available psychometric evidence, the BDI-II can be viewed as a costeffective questionnaire for measuring the severity of depression, with broad applicability for research and clinical practice worldwide.

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“…Although the bifactor model has been criticized, mainly because the orthogonality constraints among factors make interpreting the factors difficult (e.g. Vanheule, Desmet, Groenvynck, Rosseel, & Fontaine, 2008), there are several advantages of the bifactor model: it usually fits data better than competing models and it permits calculating measures of the degree of unidimensionality, and model-based indices of the reliability of general and subscale composite scores (Reise, 2012). Because of this, the bifactor model may be useful in assessing whether interpretation of total and/or subscale scores is possible.…”

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confidence: 99%

Development and validation of a 6-item working alliance questionnaire for repeated administrations during psychotherapy.

Falkenström¹,

Hatcher²,

Skjulsvik³

et al. 2015

Psychological Assessment

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Recently, researchers have started to measure the working alliance repeatedly across sessions of psychotherapy, relating the working alliance to symptom change session-by-session. Responding to questionnaires after each session can become tedious, leading to careless responses and/or increasing levels of missing data. Therefore, assessment with the briefest possible instrument is desirable. Because previous research on the Working Alliance Inventory has found the separation of the Goal and Task factors problematic, the present study examined the psychometric properties of a 2-factor, 6-item working alliance measure, adapted from the Working Alliance Inventory, in three patient samples (N = 1095, 235, and 234). Results showed that a bifactor model fit the data well across the three samples, and the factor structure was stable across ten sessions of primary care counseling/psychotherapy. Although the bifactor model with one general and two specific factors outperformed the one-factor model in terms of model fit, dimensionality analyses based on the bifactor model results indicated that in practice the instrument is best treated as unidimensional. Results support the use of composite scores of all six items. The instrument was validated by replicating previous findings of session-by-session prediction of symptom reduction using the Autoregressive Latent Trajectory model. The 6-item working alliance scale, called the Session Alliance Inventory, is a promising alternative for researchers in search for a brief alliance measure to administer after every session. The working alliance concerns the quality of the collaborative relationship between therapist and patient in the process of psychotherapy, and has been studied extensively as a predictor of psychotherapy outcome (e.g. Horvath, Del Re, Fluckiger, & Symonds, 2011). Most studies to date have relied upon a single alliance measurement early in treatment to predict outcome in the form of symptom relief or improvement in functioning at the end of treatment.Lately, however, more complex models of the alliance-outcome relationship have been used: in a small number of studies, the alliance has been measured after each psychotherapy session and this measure was used to predict symptom change to the next session (Crits-Christoph, Gibbons, Hamilton, Ring-Kurtz, & Gallop, 2011;Falkenström, Granström, & Holmqvist, 2013;Hoffart, Øktedalen, Langkaas, & Wampold, 2013;Tasca & Lampard, 2012).The working alliance is usually measured using self-report instruments, most commonly filled out by the patient. In contrast to observer methods for measuring the working alliance, questionnaires tend to focus not just on the current session, but on the quality of the alliance so far in treatment. This means that when the alliance is measured after session three, questions focus not just on the quality of the alliance in session three, but on the quality of the alliance from treatment start up to and including session three. This makes sense in studies where the alliance is measured ju...

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The Factor Structure of the Beck Depression Inventory–II

Cited by 145 publications

References 31 publications

The Effect of Self-Compassion on the Development of Depression Symptoms in a Non-clinical Sample

The Effect of Self-Compassion on the Development of Depression Symptoms in a Non-clinical Sample

Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review

Development and validation of a 6-item working alliance questionnaire for repeated administrations during psychotherapy.

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