The family Pennantiaceae and its relationships to Apiales

Abstract

The early evolution of the flowering plant order Apiales is discussed based on information from morphology and DNA sequences from four genes (ndhF, rbcL, atpB and matK). A model‐based approach of analysis, Bayesian inference, is used to analyse the data and the results are compared with those from parsimony analysis. In particular, a new family of the order, the monogeneric Pennantiaceae from New Zealand and Australia, aids in the understanding of how the order originated. The ancestor of Apiales was probably a shrub or small tree with alternate, simple leaves, paniculate inflorescences, five‐merous flowers with free petals, and drupes. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 141, 1–24.

An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II

“…In later analyses based on ndhF and rbcL data, 100% bootstrap support was found for a sister‐group relationship between a restricted Buddlejaceae ( Buddleja , Emorya , Gomphostigma and Nicodemia ) and Scrophulariaceae s.s. (Oxelman et al ., 1999), and the same relationship was also supported when morphological data were added (Bremer et al ., 2001). In Olmstead et al . (2001; three genes), they also presented support for a close relationship of these two families with Myoporaceae, and they included both Buddlejaceae and Myoporaceae in Scrophulariaceae, a classification followed here.…”

“…A number of other genera remained unplaced to family, but Mimulus appears closer to Phryma than any genus now assigned to Scrophulariaceae (Beardsley & Olmstead, 2002), so we treat it there. Parts of the former Scrophulariaceae have also been transferred to Orobanchaceae and Plantaginaceae (Olmstead et al ., 2001). Cyclocheilon is nested in the expanded Orobanchaceae (Bremer et al ., 2002), so Cyclocheilaceae (= Nesogenaceae) are here reduced to synonymy under Orobanchaceae.…”

“…Some of the families are monogeneric and could possibly be merged when well‐supported sister‐group relationships have been established. Newly proposed Mackinlayaceae and Myodocarpaceae include genera previously considered to be archaic members of Araliaceae (see Plunkett, 2001; Plunkett & Lowry, 2001; Kårehed, 2003).…”

Vascular flora of Norfolk Island: Some additions and taxonomic notes

“…Green (1994, p. 227) followed Sleumer (1970) who had treated P. baylisiana under P. endlicheri. The monotypic family Pennantiaceae has been revived by Kårehed (2001Kårehed ( , 2003 on morphological and molecular grounds (see also Keeling et al 2004); formerly the genus was placed in Icacinaceae.…”

The flora of Double Hill (Dunedin Volcanic Complex, Middle–Late Miocene) Otago, New Zealand

“…Pennantiaceae has not been recorded in New Zealand prior to the Pliocene (Oliver 1928) and its first occurrence in the palynological record is in the Pleistocene (Mildenhall 1980). Although the thin, festooned semicraspedodromous secondary venation network and the concave-straight and convex-concave teeth, with the principal vein terminating in the proximal flank of the tooth, of these leaves resemble modern Pennantiaceae and molecular evidence suggests a long history of Pennantiaceae as a Gondwanan family (Kårehed 2003), more evidence is needed to extend the first occurrence of Pennantiaceae in New Zealand to the Middle to Late Miocene.…”