“…This should not be confused with differences in style or technique (Madanes and Haley, 1977;Cooklin, 1979). The therapeutic framework is based on an understanding of communication (Watzlawick et al, 1967 ;Watzlawick, 1978) ; on the therapeutic use of resistance (Haley, 1963 ;Erickson and Rossi, 1975) ; on the importance of understanding the context within which the problem is maintained (Watzlawick et al, 1974); and on a cybernetic understanding of behaviour patterns (Bateson, 1973;Palazzoli et al, 1978). The main operational base is to identify family structure (Minuchin, 1974;Minuchin et al, 1978;Kaufman and Kaufmann, 1979), and to pay particular attention to violations in hierarchy as a manifestation of system distress (Haley, 1967(Haley, , 1976(Haley, , 1980Madanes, 1980).…”