The Family Violence Option: An Early Assessment

Raphael, Jody

doi:10.1177/10778019922181301

Cited by 30 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Un amendement est donc voté pour permettre aux victimes de violence de ne pas être soumises à ce régime. Par le Family Violence Option, que les États ont le choix de mettre en place ou non, les femmes qui dé-clarent avoir subi des violences sont renvoyées vers des associations spécialisées pour être accompagnées par des professionnelles, sans limite de temps : elles ont alors droit aux aides sociales pendant plus de soixante mois et ne doivent pas nécessairement suivre les programmes de welfare-to-work (Raphael, 1999). Quarante et un États ont promulgué l'exemption pour femmes victimes, six ont mis en place une mesure équiva-lente, et seulement trois -l'Idaho, la Virginie, l'Oklahoma -ne l'ont pas fait.…”

Section: L'état Social En Reconfiguration Et Le Problème De La Violenunclassified

La violence conjugale à l’épreuve de l’État social : une comparaison franco-états-unienne

Delage

2015

efg

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À partir de la fin des années 1970, les associations féministes qui prennent en charge le problème de la violence conjugale se sont insérées dans le secteur social, avec plus ou moins de succès, et ont bénéficié de financements venant de l’État. Dans une période de reconfigurations de l’État social, qui affectent notamment les modes d’attribution des budgets publics, celui-ci perd en légitimité symbolique et voit ses fonctions se modifier. Quels sont les effets de ces mutations sur la prise en charge, étatique et associative, du problème de la violence conjugale ? La comparaison entre la France et les États-Unis met en lumière un paradoxe concernant l’évolution de la cause dans ces deux contextes institutionnels et politiques. Alors que l’État social est moins fort aux États-Unis qu’en France, la légitimité de la cause dans l’espace social permet de créer des droits spécifiques aux femmes victimes et d’instaurer notamment un régime d’exception les prémunissant des contraintes du workfare. Parallèlement, en France, les organisations féministes oeuvrent toujours à la pleine reconnaissance de ce problème public et semblent davantage menacées par les réductions budgétaires. En s’appuyant sur une enquête ethnographique menée principalement dans le comté de Los Angeles et en région parisienne, cet article propose de retracer les trajectoires de la cause de la violence conjugale prisme des transformations provoquées par les mutations de l’État social.

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Section: L'état Social En Reconfiguration Et Le Problème De La Violenunclassified

La violence conjugale à l’épreuve de l’État social : une comparaison franco-états-unienne

Delage

2015

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“…Rates of domestic abuse disclosure in general have been extremely low, ranging from 1% to 4% in states with the FVO (Hagen & Owens-Manley, 2002;Raphael, 1999). Surprisingly, detection rates were also very low-less than one percent-even when a domestic violence specialist was available (Lein, Jacquet, Lewis, Cole, & Williams, 2001).…”

Section: Disclosure Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By the year 2005, 48 states had adopted the FVO, along with similar policies of their own (ACF, 2002; GAO, 2005; Legal Momentum, 2004;Raphael, 1999;Sachs, 2000). Policies have also been developed nationally and in particular states to grant exemptions from stipulations requiring child support enforcement if doing so would place a victim in danger (Pearson, Griswold, & Thoennes, 2001).…”

Section: Adoption Of Work Requirement Waiversmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By the year 2005, 48 states had adopted the FVO, along with similar policies of their own (ACF, 2002;GAO, 2005;Legal Momentum, 2004;Raphael, 1999;Sachs, 2000). 3 Written verification of the abuse is required or a written affidavit from the victim (Raphael, 1999).…”

Section: Adoption Of Work Requirement Waiversmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many believe that rigid work requirements may lead to an escalation of abuse because many offenders feel threatened by their partners' independence (Raphael, 2000) and there is some evidence that work aggravates abuse (Brush, 2003). 1 Due to the above concerns, the Family Violence Option (FVO), adopted as an amendment to PRWORA, allows states the option of temporarily waiving federal work requirements for renewable six month periods when domestic violence is a barrier to meeting requirements (Raphael, 1999). 2 The economic and physical risks to adult victims and their children can increase when domestic violence goes undetected.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Welfare Workers’ Responses to Domestic Violence Cases: The Effects of Training and Worker Characteristics

Saunders

Holter

Pahl³

et al. 2006

Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Service

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This study evaluated a one-day domestic violence training for Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) workers and analyzed the relationship between worker characteristics and the use of work exemptions. In a post-only evaluation, trained workers reported a greater tendency than untrained workers to refer clients to couples counseling, make a safety plan, and file a report to child protection services. In a pre/post evaluation, workers reported after training that they would be less likely to refer clients to couples counseling, and more likely to ask about the emotional and physical impact of abuse, make a safety plan, and ask about access to weapons.Workers most likely to offer a waiver from work requirements reported a higher likelihood of making referrals for a variety of services.A number of concerns have surfaced recently regarding the response of welfare workers to instances of domestic violence. Evidence indicates that domestic violence is present in a high percentage of cases, yet is usually undetected. In addition, policies that require work or work training might place victims in more danger. Lifetime rates of domestic violence among women on welfare range from 34% to 65% (GAO, 1998; Tolman 8c Raphael, 2000), and most studies find rates between 20% and 30% for recent abuse (GAO, 1998;Lyon, 2002; Tolman 8c Raphael, 2000). A national policy shift has also heightened concerns. With the passage of the Personal Responsibility and WorkOpportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) in 1996, welfare as a cash entitlement program for families living in poverty ended and was replaced with Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF). The Act sets strict work requirements for maintaining benefits, with a benefit limit of two consecutive years, and a five-year lifetime limit.New requirements may keep survivors in abusive relationships because domestic violence can interfere with employment and might subsequently reduce benefit compliance. Economic resources are often necessary to helping women leave and remain out of abusive relationships (Anderson 8c Saunders, 2003;Rhodes 8c McKenzie, 1998).These resources can take the form of monetary incentives for welfare recipients to obtain work and in one experiment such incentives were related to higher employment and lower rates of domestic violence (Gennetian, 2003).Work or work training can become difficult because many women are harassed, stalked, abused, and intimidated by their ex-partners (GAO, 1998;Lyon, 2002;Moore & Selkowe, 1999;Sable et al., 1999; Romero, Chavkin, Wise, 8c Smith, 2003; Staggs 8c Riger, 2005; Swanberg 8c Logan, 2005 (Brush, 2000; GAO, 1998;Tolman & Raphael, 2000;Tolman & Rosen, 2001). Such emotional problems can interfere with work and work training (CIMHCalWORKS, 2002a;Meisel, Chandler & Rienzi, 2003) and thus battered women risk losing their work and their benefits (Moore & Selkowe, 1999). Many believe that rigid work requirements may lead to an escalation of abuse because many offenders feel threatened by their partners' indepe...

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Social Bridges Falling Down: Reconstructing a ‘Troublesome Population’ of Battered Women through Individual Responsibilization Strategies

Silverstein

Spark²

2007

Crit Crim

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The Bridges work preparation program is a deliberate government-sponsored strategy to help and empower battered women to take responsibility for their own lives. However, while the Bridges program promotes the freedom to make choices, in reality there is little choice when powerful governments coerce battered women to align their personal choices with government goals. The Bridges work preparation program presents ultimatums to powerless women in the same way that male batterers present ultimatums to their female victims. Ultimatums to battered women in order to stay in the Bridges program are that they take individual responsibility to be free of their abusers, to be alcohol and drug free, to have their children in day care, and to be motivated to get employment. The Bridges program arguably puts too much responsibility on individual battered women to extricate themselves from the everyday lives of assault and violence and distances government from its social responsibility for helping battered women. In order to help battered women, governments must engage in social programs assisting them to relocate from one welfare office to another and assist with day care, transportation, and cash. This assistance will make disengaging from batterers a real alternative. Otherwise, alternatives for battered women are dependence on batterers or dependence on the state for social assistance.Following World War II, governments believed that they could defeat major social problems in peacetime in the same way that they had defeated foreign enemies during wartime (Garland 1996). This was a Keynesian view, whereby governments did most of the 'rowing' and 'steering' not only of economic issues but of social life generally

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The Family Violence Option: An Early Assessment

Cited by 30 publications

References 4 publications

La violence conjugale à l’épreuve de l’État social : une comparaison franco-états-unienne

La violence conjugale à l’épreuve de l’État social : une comparaison franco-états-unienne

Welfare Workers’ Responses to Domestic Violence Cases: The Effects of Training and Worker Characteristics

Social Bridges Falling Down: Reconstructing a ‘Troublesome Population’ of Battered Women through Individual Responsibilization Strategies

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