The Fans United will Always be Connected: Building a Practical DTN in a Football Stadium

Abstract

Football stadia present a difficult environment for the deployment of digital services, due to their architectural design and the capacity problems from the numbers of fans. We present preliminary results from deploying an Android app building an ad hoc network amongst the attendees at matches at Brighton and Hove Albion's AMEX stadium, so as to share the available capacity and supply digital services to season ticket holders. We describe the protocol, how we engaged our users in service design so that the app was attractive to use and the problems we encountered in using Android.

Location-aware hybrid microscopic routing scheme for mobile opportunistic network

“…The anticipated remaining TTL aid in modelling the meantime where data will be in buffer or it will be dropped can be defined (9). Here we employed minimum TTL based buffer optimization i.e., here the packets are forwarded to a remote device with the shortest TTL which is mathematically represented (10). Further, there is the case where two messages will have the same TTL; in such cases, we employed first come first serve based buffer optimization.…”

“…In OppNets the device transmits messages through a short-range communication interface wirelessly such as Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 and Wi-Fi. The device forwards the message emphasizing store-carry-forward method [10], [11]. Generally, every device stores the message in its respective buffer, and when it encounters another device, it forwards the replicated message to the encountered device in an opportunistic manner [12], assuming the message will be carried forward toward the destination.…”

Efficient Geocasting in Opportunistic Networks

“…MANETs present radically different properties compared to opportunistic networks. In MANETs, connectivity (as well as the overall network topology) between mobile nodes is rather stable; no such assumptions can be made for opportunistic networks, where mobility is high 3 and connectivity is very intermittent. As a result, no end-to-end paths among all nodes exist at all times and the network topology is unknown and constantly changing.…”

“…The proliferation of smartphones and their long-and short-range connectivity capabilities have made the deployment of opportunistic networks [1][2] a realistic [3] and viable solution to a number of problems. Wireless technologies, such as LTE, Wi-Fi, Wi-Fi Direct and Bluetooth, allow smartphones to access 5 the Internet as well as communicate with devices within their range, in an adhoc, peer-to-peer fashion [3] [4]. Opportunistic networks have gained a lot of traction during the past years; they are suitable for increasing network capacity…”

Energy-Efficient Check-and-Spray Geocast Routing Protocol for Opportunistic Networks

“…In the most recent literature [4], solutions for routing the message towards the destination cast have been proposed. However, in the context of opportunistic networks (OppNets), to the best of our knowledge, only a few routing protocols that support the geocasting mechanism have been investigated [5][6][7][8][9][10][11].…”