The Farming Question: Intergenerational Linkages, Gender and Youth Aspirations in Rural Zambia^☆

Abstract

With agriculture considered key to generating jobs for Africa's growing population, several studies have explored youth aspirations toward farming. While many factors explaining aspirations have been well studied, little is known about the actors' shaping aspirations. We developed a novel framework that focuses on the factors and actors shaping the formation and actual aspirations of rural youth and applied a unique “whole‐family” approach based on mixed‐methods data collection from adolescents (boys and girls) and corresponding adults. We applied this approach in rural Zambia, collecting data from 348 adolescents and adults in 87 households. The study finds that parents strongly shape youth aspirations—they are much more influential than siblings, peers, church, and media. Male youth are more likely to envision farming (full or part‐time) than female youth. The male preference for farming reflects their parent's aspirations and is reinforced by the patriarchal system of land inheritance. Parents' farm characteristics, such as degree of mechanization, are also associated with aspirations. We recommend a “whole‐family” approach, which acknowledges the influential role of parents, for policies and programs for rural youth and a stronger focus on gender aspects.

(Un)making occupational gender segregation: Intergenerational reproduction of gender‐(a)typical occupational aspirations in China

“…On the one hand, in its simplest form, role modeling operates through children's direct like-for-like imitation of their parents' occupations (Bussey & Bandura, 1999). There is abundant empirical evidence of direct occupational imitation in various settings ranging from agricultural occupations in Zambia (Ogunjimi et al, 2021) to engineering careers in the United States (Jacobs et al, 2017). Most existing theories and evidence emphasize that direct occupational imitation is primarily driven by innate gender identification (Polavieja & Platt, 2014) and is thus limited to homo-lineal connections between mothers (fathers) and daughters (sons) (Bussey & Bandura, 1999;McGinn et al, 2018;Simpson, 2003).…”

What future for small-scale farming in South Africa?

“…Even so, the aspired farming systems in both regions appeared to be capital-intensive, contrary to current realities. While Ogunjimi et al (2023) found an association between people's current farm characteristics and their aspirations, other studies (Elias et al 2018;Bloem 2021) also found a disparity between rural realities and aspirations -a concept described as an "aspiration gap" (Ray et al, 2006).…”