The Fate of the Dry Matter, Carbohydrates and 14C Lost from the Leaves and Stems of Wheat during Grain Filling

Austin, R. B.; Edrich, J. A.; Ford, M. A.; Blackwell, R. D.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a085419

Cited by 201 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…However, the difference in dry matter accumulation during this period does not include the dry matter losses that occurred either by senescence of tissues nor by respiration (Austin et al, 1980;Hall et al, 1989). Austin et al (1977) found that 73% of the loss of vegetative dry matter was allotted to the grain. In this work it was observed that as the rate of applied N increased, the participation of the material produced before anthesis in final grain weight (translocation post-anthesis) also increased, contributing with as much as 52% (in the 60 kg ha -1 of N treatment) for the final grain weight, without adjusting dry matter losses proposed earlier (Table 1) …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen translocation in wheat inoculated with Azospirillum and fertilized with nitrogen

Rodrigues

Didonet

Gouveia

et al. 2000

Pesq. agropec. bras.

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-The productivity and the translocation of assimilates and nitrogen (N) were compared after inoculation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. BR-23) seeds with two strains of Azospirillum brasilense (strains 245 and JA 04) under field conditions. The inoculation of wheat seeds was done with a peat inoculant at sowing time. Plant material for evaluations were collected at anthesis and maturity. No differences in grain yield and in the translocation of assimilates resulting from inoculation were detected. Differences were observed in relation to N rates (0, 15, and 60 kg ha -1 ). N content in the grain increased significantly in the bacteria-inoculated treatments in which N was not added. This increase in N content in the grain with inoculation was probably due to higher N uptake after anthesis without any significant contribution on the grain yield. Such increment was of 8.4 kg ha -1 of N representing 66% more N than in no inoculated treatment. Regardless of the inoculation and the rate of N applied, it was observed that about 70% of the N accumulated at anthesis was translocated from vegetative parts to the grain.Index terms: Triticum aestivum, nitrogen fertilization, nitrogen metabolism, assimilation, nitrogen fixing bacteria. TRANSLOCAÇÃO DE NITROGÊNIO EM TRIGO INFECTADO POR AZOSPIRILLUME ADUBADO COM NITROGÊNIO RESUMO -Com o objetivo de verificar o efeito da inoculação na produtividade, na translocação de assimilados e de N, durante o desenvolvimento da planta de trigo (Triticum aestivum L. cv. BR-23), foi realizado este estudo em condições de campo, com duas estirpes de Azospirillum brasilense (245 e JA 04). A inoculação foi efetuada no momento da semeadura, com inoculante turfoso. As coletas dos materiais para as avaliações foram efetuadas na antese e na maturação. Não foi detectado efeito da inoculação na produção de grãos e na translocação de assimilados. Diferenças foram observadas em relação às doses de N (0, 15 e 60 kg ha -1 ). O teor de N no grão aumentou significativamente nos tratamentos com bactérias, sem adição de N. Esse aumento foi provavelmente decorrente da maior absorção de N após a antese, sem reflexo significativo no rendimento de grãos. Tal aumento no N absorvido após a antese foi superior em 66% ao tratamento sem inoculação, representando um incremento de cerca de 8,4 kg ha -1 . Independentemente da inoculação e da dose de N estudadas, observou-se que aproximadamente 70% do N acumulado na antese foi translocado das partes vegetativas para o grão.Termos para indexação: Triticum aestivum, adubação nitrogenada, metabolismo do nitrogênio, assimilação, bactéria fixadora de nitrogênio.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen translocation in wheat inoculated with Azospirillum and fertilized with nitrogen

Rodrigues

Didonet

Gouveia

et al. 2000

Pesq. agropec. bras.

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“…Grain number per unit land area is the major yield determining factor in cereals (Ferris et al 1998, Smith et al 1999. Cultivars with higher grain number per plant could result from reduced assimilate competition between elongating stems and florets and grains at both pre-and post-anthesis phases (Austin et al 1977, Brooking and Kirby 1981, Borrell et al 1989, Borrell et al 1991, Gent and Kiyomoto 1998.…”

Section: Grain Setmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant growth regulators to manipulate oat stands

Rajala¹

2008

AFSci

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Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are exogenously applied chemicals that alter plant metabolism, cell division, cell enlargement, growth and development by regulating plant hormones or other biological signals. For example, some PGRs regulate stem elongation by inhibiting biosynthesis of gibberellins or through releasing ethylene. PGR effects are widely studied and reported on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), whereas there are only a few reports addressing oat (Avena sativa L.). This is likely to be a result of smaller acreage and lower intensity of oat management and production and hence a reduced need for stem shortening by PGRs. However, this is not the case for all cereal producing regions and there exists a need to understand the potential application of PGRs to oat production. This paper represents a review of the potential of PGRs to regulate stem elongation and other biological traits governing plant stand structure and yield components, with special emphasis on oat and its responses to PGRs. Yield improvement requires more heads per unit land area, more grains per head or heavier grains. Of these yield-determining parameters, the number of head bearing tillers and grain numbers per head, compared with grain weight, are more likely to be improved by PGR application. In the absence of lodging, PGR may reduce grain yield due to potential reduction in mean grain weight and/or grain number. Cultivation systems aiming at extensive yields with intensive use of inputs likely benefit from PGR applications more often compared with low or moderate input cultivation, for which cost effectiveness of PGRs is not frequently reached.

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“…While most of the carbohydrates found in the wheat grain are the result of assimilation during the grain filling period (Austin et al 1977a;Blake et al 2007), grain protein is predominantly derived from the remobilization of N from degraded leaf proteins, which are stored during wheat vegetative growth (Dalling et al 1976;Austin et al 1977b;Simpson et al 1983;Kichey et al 2007). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional characterization of GPC-1 genes in hexaploid wheat

Avni

Zhao

Pearce

et al. 2013

Planta

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In wheat, monocarpic senescence is a tightly regulated process during which nitrogen (N) and micronutrients stored pre-anthesis are remobilized from vegetative tissues to the developing grains. Recently, a close connection between senescence and remobilization was shown through the map-based cloning of the GPC (Grain Protein Content) gene in wheat. GPC-B1 encodes a NAC transcription factor associated with earlier senescence and increased grain protein, iron and zinc content, and is deleted or non-functional in most commercial wheat varieties. In the current research, we identified 'loss of function' ethyl methane sulphonate mutants for the two GPC-B1 homoeologous genes; GPC-A1 and GPC-D1, in a hexaploid wheat mutant population. The single gpc-a1 and gpc-d1 mutants, the double gpc-1 mutant and control lines were grown under field conditions at four locations and were characterized for senescence, GPC, micronutrients and yield parameters. Our results show a significant delay in senescence in both the gpc-a1 and gpc-d1 single mutants and an even stronger effect in the gpc-1 double mutant in all the environments tested in this study. The accumulation of total N in the developing grains showed a similar increase in the control and gpc-1 plants until 25 days after anthesis (DAA) but at 41 and 60 DAA the control plants had higher Grain N content than the gpc-1 mutants. At maturity, GPC in all mutants was significantly lower than in control plants while grain weight was unaffected. These results demonstrate that theGPC-A1 and GPC-D1 genes have a redundant function and play a major role in the regulation of monocarpic senescence and nutrient remobilization in wheat.

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The Fate of the Dry Matter, Carbohydrates and 14C Lost from the Leaves and Stems of Wheat during Grain Filling

Cited by 201 publications

References 6 publications

Nitrogen translocation in wheat inoculated with Azospirillum and fertilized with nitrogen

Nitrogen translocation in wheat inoculated with Azospirillum and fertilized with nitrogen

Plant growth regulators to manipulate oat stands

Functional characterization of GPC-1 genes in hexaploid wheat

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