The fate of the inner nose: Odor imagery in patients with olfactory loss

Flohr, Elena L. R.; Arshamian, Artin; Wieser, Matthias J.; Hummel, Cornélia; Larsson, Maria; Mühlberger, Andreas; Hummel, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.018

Cited by 35 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Thus, one might speculate whether patients scoring lower on the olfactory test in our study recruited the occipital network for visualization of the odor source less than patients achieving higher scores. This is in line with previous evidence that patients with olfactory deficits show a reduced olfactory imagery capacity (Flohr et al, ; Kollndorfer et al, ). Furthermore, in a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation investigation, stimulation of the visual cortex led to improved odor discrimination performance as compared to sham stimulation, thus even pointing to a potential direct contribution of visual cortex to olfactory processing (Jadauji et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Severity of olfactory deficits is reflected in functional brain networks—An fMRI study

Reichert

Postma

Smeets

et al. 2018

Human Brain Mapping

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Even though deficits in olfactory function affect a considerable part of the population, the neuronal basis of olfactory deficits remains scarcely investigated. To achieve a better understanding of how smell loss affects neural activation patterns and functional networks, we set out to investigate patients with olfactory dysfunction using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and olfactory stimulation. We used patients' scores on a standardized olfactory test as continuous measure of olfactory function. 48 patients (mean olfactory threshold discrimination identification (TDI) score = 16.33, SD = 6.4, range 6 - 28.5) were investigated. Overall, patients showed piriform cortex activation during odor stimulation compared to pure sniffing. Group independent component analysis indicated that the recruitment of three networks during odor stimulation was correlated with olfactory function: a sensory processing network (including regions such as insula, thalamus and piriform cortex), a cerebellar network and an occipital network. Interestingly, recruitment of these networks during pure sniffing was related to olfactory function as well. Our results support previous findings that sniffing alone can activate olfactory regions. Extending this, we found that the severity of olfactory deficits is related to the extent to which neural networks are recruited both during olfactory stimulation and pure sniffing. This indicates that olfactory deficits are not only reflected in changes in specific olfactory areas but also in the recruitment of occipital and cerebellar networks. These findings pave the way for future investigations on whether characteristics of these networks might be of use for the prediction of disease prognosis or of treatment success.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Severity of olfactory deficits is reflected in functional brain networks—An fMRI study

Reichert

Postma

Smeets

et al. 2018

Human Brain Mapping

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“…This was not found to be the case in our patients, as the majority of achieved TST scores projected in the medium to lower percentile range of normogeusia compared with normative data, which is also in accordance with a previously published study showing no significant influence of smell loss on gustatory function . As previously described, normosmic patients tend to rely on their odor imagery abilities for self‐assessment of olfactory function although this ability seems to decrease with the duration of olfactory loss . A tendency of these patients to rely more on gustatory, textural, auditory (during mastication), and visual information of foods could be a reason for the lack of correlation between self‐assessment and test results of retronasal olfactory function .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Part of the contribution of retronasal smell stimuli to overall flavor perception seems to be mediated by memory recall. Therefore unconscious memory recall of “flavor templates” from previously experienced cross‐modal sensory interactions (eg, somatosensory–olfactory interactions) may be an explanation for normal flavor perception in orthonasally anosmic patients with noncongenital causes . All three patients in our study with congenital smell loss yielded scores within the range of anosmia in ortho‐ and retronasal tests presuming “flavor” is an individual concept, consisting of interaction of all other sensory modalities (for example vision, taste, sound, and somatosensory) independently from olfactory perception.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Retronasal olfactory function in patients with smell loss but subjectively normal flavor perception

et al. 2019

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Objectives The human sense of smell constitutes the main part of flavor perception. Typically, patients with loss of olfactory function complain of diminished perception during eating and drinking. However, some patients with smell loss still report normal enjoyment of foods. The aim of the present study was to compare orthonasal and retronasal olfactory function in patients with non‐sinonasal smell loss and subjectively normal flavor perception. Methods Nineteen patients (mean age [range] 52.0 [8–83 years]) with self‐reported olfactory impairment but subjective normal flavor perception were included. Olfactory performance was assessed using the Sniffin’ Sticks (TDI) for orthonasal and the Candy Smell Test (CST) for retronasal function. Visual analogue scales were used for self‐assessment of odor (SOP), taste (STP), and flavor perception (SFP), ranging from 0 (no perception) to 10 (excellent perception). Results Mean (SD) SFP was 8.0 (1.8). Mean (SD) orthonasal TDI‐score of all patients was 14.4 (5.3, range 6–25.3) with 11 patients classified as anosmic and eight as hyposmic. Mean/SD retronasal CST‐score was 8.8 (2.7, range 3–13) within the range of anosmia/hyposmia. No correlation was found between SFP and the CST (P = .62). Conclusion The present results showed that despite claiming normal flavor perception, our patients were ortho‐ and retronasally dysosmic using standard tests for olfactory function. Although other explanations could be possible, we suggest that this subjective flavor perception might be due to unconscious memory recall from previously experienced cross‐modal sensory interactions. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 130:1629–1633, 2020

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“…Scholars are arguing about if there is a Mental Imaging for the sense of smell [11]. Mental imaging is creation of mental representations that are strongly based on imager's will [12].…”

Section: Importance Of the Sense Of Smell: Individual And Cultural Famentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mental imaging is creation of mental representations that are strongly based on imager's will [12]. Some researchers are claiming that there is odor imaging while some others retain that it is not possible to generate odorlike mental images, or that this sort of imagination is rather poor [11,12]. Beside imaging as a mediator in recognizing odors, it is also difficult to find a correct linguistic designation for describing odors [10].…”

Section: Importance Of the Sense Of Smell: Individual And Cultural Famentioning

confidence: 99%

Digitalize Limits for Increased Capability: Technology to Overcome Human Mechanisms

Stepanovic

Ferraro

2018

Advances in Usability, User Experience and Assistive Technology

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The series "Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing" contains publications on theory, applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent Computing. Virtually all disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computer and information science, ICT, economics, business, e-commerce, environment, healthcare, life science are covered. The list of topics spans all the areas of modern intelligent systems and computing such as: computational intelligence, soft computing including neural networks, fuzzy systems, evolutionary computing and the fusion of these paradigms, social intelligence, ambient intelligence, computational neuroscience, artificial life, virtual worlds and society, cognitive science and systems, Perception and Vision, DNA and immune based systems, self-organizing and adaptive systems, e-Learning and teaching, human-centered and human-centric computing, recommender systems, intelligent control, robotics and mechatronics including human-machine teaming, knowledge-based paradigms, learning paradigms, machine ethics, intelligent data analysis, knowledge management, intelligent agents, intelligent decision making and support, intelligent network security, trust management, interactive entertainment, Web intelligence and multimedia.The publications within "Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing" are primarily proceedings of important conferences, symposia and congresses. They cover significant recent developments in the field, both of a foundational and applicable character. An important characteristic feature of the series is the short publication time and world-wide distribution. This permits a rapid and broad dissemination of research results. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Advisory Board PrefaceSuccessful interaction with products, tools, and technologies depends on usable designs and accommoda...

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The fate of the inner nose: Odor imagery in patients with olfactory loss

Cited by 35 publications

References 41 publications

Severity of olfactory deficits is reflected in functional brain networks—An fMRI study

Severity of olfactory deficits is reflected in functional brain networks—An fMRI study

Retronasal olfactory function in patients with smell loss but subjectively normal flavor perception

Digitalize Limits for Increased Capability: Technology to Overcome Human Mechanisms

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