The Fear‐avoidance Components Scale (<scp>FACS</scp>): Development and Psychometric Evaluation of a New Measure of Pain‐related Fear Avoidance

Neblett, Randy; Mayer, Tom G.; Hartzell, Meredith M.; Williams, Mark; Gatchel, Robert J.

doi:10.1111/papr.12333

Cited by 54 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…The Fear‐Avoidance Components Scale (FACS) measures cognitive, behavioral, and affective components of pain‐related fear‐avoidance. It contains 20 items, which are scored on a 6‐point Likert scale from 0 (completely disagree) to 5 (completely agree), with a total score range of 0 to 100 11–13 . In its initial psychometric evaluation, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.93 in a chronic pain patient sample.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the Serbian Version of the Central Sensitization Inventory

et al. 2020

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Objectives The goal of the present study was to explore additional evidence of validity of the Serbian version of the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI), a patient‐reported outcome measure of symptoms that have been found to be associated with central sensitization (CS). The CSI has been found to be psychometrically sound, and has demonstrated evidence of convergent and discriminant validity in numerous published studies and in multiple languages. Methods CSI data were collected from 399 patients with chronic pain who had various diagnoses and from 146 pain‐free controls. In addition, the patient sample completed a battery of validated patient‐reported outcome measures of sleep problems, cognitive problems, pain catastrophizing, pain‐related fear‐avoidance, decreased quality of life, and decreased perception of social support. Six patient subgroups were formed, with presumably different levels of CS (including those with fibromyalgia, multiple pain sites, and localized pain sites). Results Significant differences were found in total CSI scores among the controls and patient subgroups. Those with fibromyalgia and multiple pathologies scored highest and the control subjects scored lowest. Other patient‐reported CS‐related symptom dimensions were significantly correlated with total CSI scores. When the patients were divided into CSI severity subgroups (from subclinical to extreme), the severity of these other symptom dimensions increased with the severity of CSI scores. Conclusions The current study successfully demonstrated additional evidence of the convergent and discriminant validity of the Serbian version of the CSI.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the Serbian Version of the Central Sensitization Inventory

et al. 2020

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“…The FACS is intended to comprehensively evaluate cognitive, behavioral, and affective components of FA in patients with painful medical conditions. Each item is scored on a 6-point Likert scale, from 0 “completely disagree” to 5 “completely agree.” Total scores, from 0 to 100, indicate one of the following severity levels: Subclinical (0–20); Mild (21–40); Moderate (41–60); Severe (61–80); and Extreme (81–100) [ 18 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the number of pain specialists accepting and realizing the importance of the FA concept increases, it appears increasingly important to have a PRO instrument that assesses all of the important components of the current FA model [ 1 , 4 ]. Neblett et al (2016) have developed a new instrument, the Fear Avoidance Component Scale (FACS), in an attempt to overcome the deficiencies of the previous FA-related PRO measures [ 18 ]. Acceptable reliability and internal consistency were found in its initial psychometric evaluation [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neblett et al (2016) have developed a new instrument, the Fear Avoidance Component Scale (FACS), in an attempt to overcome the deficiencies of the previous FA-related PRO measures [ 18 ]. Acceptable reliability and internal consistency were found in its initial psychometric evaluation [ 18 ]. Five severity levels have been defined for clinical interpretation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychometric validation of the Serbian version of the Fear Avoidance Component Scale (FACS)

et al. 2018

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ObjectiveThe Fear Avoidance Components Scale (FACS) is a new patient-reported outcome (PRO) questionnaire designed to comprehensively evaluate fear avoidance (FA) beliefs and attitudes in persons with painful medical conditions. The original English version has demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties, including concurrent and predictive validity. Two factors have been identified: 1. general fear avoidance; and 2. types of activities that are avoided.MethodsThe FACS was first translated into Serbian, and then psychometrically validated. A cohort of 322 chronic musculoskeletal pain subjects completed the FACS-Serb and additional FA-related patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures. Their FACS-Serb scores were then compared to a cohort of 68 acute pain subjects.ResultsTest-retest reliability (ICC2,1 = 0.928) and internal consistency for both Factors (Cronbach α 0.904 and 0,880 respectively) were very good. An acceptable fit was found with a confirmatory factor analysis of the 2-factor model found with the original English version of the FACS. Strong associations were found among FACS-Serb scores and other PRO measures of pain catastrophizing, depressive/anxiety symptoms, perceived disability, and pain intensity (p<0.001 for all analyses). FACS-Serb total scores, separate Factor scores, and subjective pain ratings were significantly higher in the chronic vs. acute pain cohorts (p<0.001 for all analyses).ConclusionsThe FACS-Serb demonstrated strong psychometric properties, including strong reliability and internal consistency, criterion validity (through associations with other FA-related PRO measures), and discriminant validity (through comparisons with a separate acute pain cohort). The FACS-Serb appears to be a potentially useful pain-related assessment tool.

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“…It consists of 20 items that are scored on a 5-point scale. 44 2. The Pain Catastrophising Scale (PCS) will be included to assess catastrophic thinking about pain.…”

Section: Secondary Outcomementioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of psychological factors on the prognosis of chronic shoulder pain: protocol for a prospective cohort study

et al. 2017

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IntroductionShoulder pain is a highly prevalent condition. Psychological factors could play an essential role in the prognosis of chronic shoulder pain (CSP). The aims of the study will be to analyse the level of association between psychological factors and pain-disability at baseline and prospectively to assess their prognostic role; to evaluate the association of pain catastrophising and kinesiophobia at baseline and prospectively in the relationship between pain intensity and disability, or between self-efficacy and disability in patients with CSP; to explore the association of self-efficacy at baseline and prospectively in the relationship between pain intensity and disability, in comparison with kinesiophobia and pain catastrophising.Methods and analysisThe study is a longitudinal, prospective cohort study with a 12-month follow-up. It will be conducted in 4 primary-care centres and one hospital of the province of Malaga, Spain. 307 participants aged between 18 and 70 years suffering from CSP (3 months or more) will be included. Primary outcomes will include pain, disability and self-efficacy, whereas kinesiophobia, pain-related fear, pain catastrophising, anxiety, depression, patient expectations of recovery, age, gender, duration/intensity of symptoms, educational level and other factors will be predictive measures. Follow-up: baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months.Ethics and disseminationThe local ethics committee (The Costa del Sol Ethics Committee, Malaga, 28042016) has approved this protocol. Dissemination will occur through presentations at National and International conferences and publications in international peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberNCT02738372; pre-results

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The Fear‐avoidance Components Scale (FACS): Development and Psychometric Evaluation of a New Measure of Pain‐related Fear Avoidance

Cited by 54 publications

References 63 publications

Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the Serbian Version of the Central Sensitization Inventory

Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the Serbian Version of the Central Sensitization Inventory

Psychometric validation of the Serbian version of the Fear Avoidance Component Scale (FACS)

Influence of psychological factors on the prognosis of chronic shoulder pain: protocol for a prospective cohort study

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