The Fermentation of Glycerol by Streptococci

Gunsalus, I. C.; Sherman, James M.

doi:10.1128/jb.45.2.155-162.1943

Cited by 43 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Growth and media. The growth was measured turbidimetrically as described previously in papers from this laboratory (Gunsalus and Sherman, 1942). Anaerobic conditions were obtained either by vaspar seals or the chrominum-sulfuricacid method as described by Mueller and Miller (1941).…”

Section: Culturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Not only is the anaerobic growth with glycerol poor, but aerobic growth is also slight. Therefore the tryptone must be deficient in factors necesary for the hydrogen transport to oxygen; otherwise, aerobic glycerol fermentation should occur (Gunsalus and Sherman, 1942). In the base medium yeast extract improves the growth slightly; and the further addition of glycerol provides moderate growth stimulation.…”

Section: Influence Of Yeast Extract and Oxygenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Products of Anaerobic Glycerol Fermentation by Streptococci faecalis

Gunsalus

1947

J Bacteriol

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Section: Culturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Influence Of Yeast Extract and Oxygenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Products of Anaerobic Glycerol Fermentation by Streptococci faecalis

Gunsalus

1947

J Bacteriol

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“…The quantity of growth is expressed in milligrams of bacterial nitrogen per 10 ml of medium. The amount of growth, as well as the concentration of cell suspensions, was calculated from turbidity measurements with a nephelometer previously standardized by micro-kjeldahl (Gunsalus and Sherman, 1943).…”

Section: Culture and Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

Tyrosine Decarboxylation by Streptococci: Growth Requirements for Active Cell Production

Bellamy

Gunsalus

1944

J Bacteriol

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The present work was undertaken because of a need for more informationconcerning the factors favoring tyrosine decarboxylation. A tyrosine decarboxylation system in Streptococcus fecalis was described by Gale (1940). Since the conditions for active dehydrogenase formation have previously been shown to differ from those which favor the largest cell crop, optimum function was sought and abundant growth was considered only as a secondary aim. In the production of active cells the growth conditions and the specific nutritive requirements will depend to a large extent on the enzyme system under consideration. For example, Wood and Gunsalus (1942) found the most active dehydrogenases in streptococcus cells harvested from media rich in nitrogen and accessory factors and low in carbohydrate. With a limited amount of carbohydrate the final pH was near neutrality and, since growth was limited, a high concentration of nutrilites was available per cell when growth ceased. The optimum age of culture was just beyond the logarithmic growth phase. In contrast to this, Gale (1940) had found that Streptococcus fecalis cells possess the most active tyrosine decarboxylase system when harvested from a trypsin-digested casein glucose medium with a final pH below 5.0. The cells were most active at about two-thirds maximum growth.Gale, and Wood and Gunsalus have stressed the importance of the composition of the medium in the production of cells with high physiological activity. Gale found casein-digest to be superior to hydrolyzed gelatin plus marmite for the production of tyrosine decarboxylase. An inorganic-salts marmite medium which yielded only slightly active cells could be somewhat improved by the addition of tyrosine. However, the cells were still inferior to those from the casein-digest medium. Gale (1943) attributed the superiority of casein media to the presence of substances, other than the specific substrate, which play a part in the production of the decarboxylase enzyme.A medium of essentially known composition has been obtained for the production of cells with tyrosine decarboxylase activity. For most rapid decarboxylation, nicotinic acid and pyridoxine are required in the growth medium in greater concentration than for maximum growth. Other factors influencing the decarboxylase production have also been studied and Gale's report of the adaptive nature of tyrosine decarboxylase confirmed. METHODThe method used was that applied so successfully by Mueller and collaborators (see Mueller, 1938); that is, the fractionation of a complex medium of poorly 191 on August 4, 2020 by guest

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“…Although several lactic acid bacteria have been shown to be capable of utilizing 02 (6,8,11,20,23,26), they characteristically do not form catalase and possess only a low level of superoxide dismutase (19). In contrast to the typical catalase-negative lactic acid bacteria, there are a number of isolates from various genera which possess an atypical, nonheme catalase (15,26).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxygen metabolism of catalase-negative and catalase-positive strains of Lactobacillus plantarum

Yousten¹,

Johnson²,

Salin³

1975

J Bacteriol

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Two catalase-negative strains of Lactobacillus plantarum and a strain producing the atypical, nonheme catalase were studied to determine if the ability to produce the atypical catalase conferred any growth advantage upon the producing strain. Both catalase-negative strains grew more rapidly than the catalase-positive strain under aerobic or anaerobic conditions in a glucose-containing, complex medium. Upon exhaustion of glucose from the medium, all three strains continued growth under aerobic but not under anaerobic conditions. The continued aerobic growth was accompanied by production of acetic acid in addition to the lactic acid produced during growth on glucose. Oxygen was taken up by exponential phase-cell suspensions grown on glucose when glucose or glycerol were used as substrates. Cells harvested from glucose-exhausted medium oxidized glucose, glycerol, and pyruvate. Oxygen utilization by a catalase-negative strain increased as did the specific activity of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide peroxidase during late growth in the glucose-exhausted medium. The catalase-positive strain and the catalase-negative strain tested both possessed low but readily detectable levels of superoxide dismutase throughout growth. The growth responses are discussed in terms of the presence of enzymes which would allow the cells to remove potentially damaging reduction products of O2.

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The Fermentation of Glycerol by Streptococci

Cited by 43 publications

References 13 publications

Products of Anaerobic Glycerol Fermentation by Streptococci faecalis

Products of Anaerobic Glycerol Fermentation by Streptococci faecalis

Tyrosine Decarboxylation by Streptococci: Growth Requirements for Active Cell Production

Oxygen metabolism of catalase-negative and catalase-positive strains of Lactobacillus plantarum

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