The ferromanganese production using Indonesian low-grade manganese ore using charcoal and palm kernel shell as reductant in mini electric arc furnace

Supriyatna, Yayat Iman; Zulhan, Zulfiadi; Triapriani, Y

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/285/1/012022

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The highest manganese extraction was obtained using palm kernel shell biomass and was around 50 wt%. Comparing the same ratios of reductants, the manganese extraction using palm kernel shell biomass was higher compared to charcoal in all trials [51].…”

Section: Smelting Processes Using Bio-based Carbon To Produce Manganese Alloysmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review

Sommerfeld

Friedrich

2021

Minerals

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The production of ferroalloys and alloys like ferronickel, ferrochromium, ferromanganese, silicomanganese, ferrosilicon and silicon is commonly carried out in submerged arc furnaces. Submerged arc furnaces are also used to upgrade ilmenite by producing pig iron and a titania-rich slag. Metal containing resources are smelted in this furnace type using fossil carbon as a reducing agent, which is responsible for a large amount of direct CO2 emissions in those processes. Instead, renewable bio-based carbon could be a viable direct replacement of fossil carbon currently investigated by research institutions and companies to lower the CO2 footprint of produced alloys. A second option could be the usage of hydrogen. However, hydrogen has the disadvantages that current production facilities relying on solid reducing agents need to be adjusted. Furthermore, hydrogen reduction of ignoble metals like chromium, manganese and silicon is only possible at very low H2O/H2 partial pressure ratios. The present article is a comprehensive review of the research carried out regarding the utilization of bio-based carbon for the processing of the mentioned products. Starting with the potential impact of the ferroalloy industry on greenhouse gas emissions, followed by a general description of bio-based reducing agents and unit operations covered by this review, each following chapter presents current research carried out to produce each metal. Most studies focused on pre-reduction or solid-state reduction except the silicon industry, which instead had a strong focus on smelting up to an industrial-scale and the design of bio-based carbon for submerged arc furnace processes. Those results might be transferable to other submerged arc furnace processes as well and could help to accelerate research to produce other metals. Deviations between the amount of research and scale of tests for the same unit operation but different metal resources were identified and closer cooperation could be helpful to transfer knowledge from one area to another. Life cycle assessment to produce ferronickel and silicon already revealed the potential of bio-based reducing agents in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, but was not carried out for other metals until now.

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Section: Smelting Processes Using Bio-based Carbon To Produce Manganese Alloysmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Supriyatna et al [51] investigated the reduction of Indonesian low-grade manganese ore with charcoal and palm kernel shell biomass in a mini electric arc furnace. In those studies, it was possible to produce ferromanganese with manganese contents between 70.9 wt% and 77.0 wt%.…”

Section: Smelting Processes Using Bio-based Carbon To Produce Manganese Alloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review

Sommerfeld

Friedrich

2021

Minerals

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“…Results have shown good prospect. The extraction of manganese amounted to close to 50% whereas it was around 45% when charcoal was used [18]. The prospect of replacing current generic reducing agents is considerable coupled with further detailed investigations on sizes and possible improvements of the raw materials used as coke repalcement.…”

Section: Some Indications On New Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The challenges in the High Carbon Ferromanganese industry and prospects

Kalenga

2021

METAL 2021 Conference Proeedings

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“…If a solid particle is assumed to have a spherical shape, with a volume of R where R is the radius of the ball. The equation that applies to this condition is: (13) In this equation k0 is a chemical constant obtained based on the following equation:…”

Section: Data-fitting Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, these reducing agents have several disadvantages when viewed in terms of ecology and their availability in nature. These are increasingly thinning out, hence it has become a challenge to find alternative energy sources that can replace the role of coke and coal in their function as reducing agents [12,13]. The use of palm kernel shell charcoal as a reducing agent in reducing nickel ore is an interesting one.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Reduction of Southeast Sulawesi Nickel Laterite using Palm Kernel Shell Charcoal: Kinetic Studies with Addition of Na2SO4 and NaCl as Additives

Shofi¹,

Supriyatna

Prasetyo

2020

Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal.

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The aim of the reduction process is to concentrate nickel at high temperatures with a certain carbonaceous material as a reducing agent. The use of chemicals like Na2SO4 and NaCl in the reduction process can increase the content and recovery of nickel in ferronickel concentrates. A selective reduction of laterite nickel was carried out in a non-isothermal and an isothermal using palm kernel shell charcoal as a reductant and with Na2SO4 and NaCl as additives. Firstly, the raw material is made into a pellet and dried in an oven at 100 °C for two hours. The pellets are weighed before and after the reduction process. The non-isothermal reduction process used the Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) method from a temperature of 100 to 1300 °C, with a heat rate of 10 °C per minute. The isothermal reduction at temperatures 500, 600, 700, 950, 1050, and 1150 °C occurred with a reduction time of 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The analysis is Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) to determine the content of nickel and iron from the reduction process, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to see changes in the phases formed after the selective reduction process, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDX) for viewing the microstructure of the phase. The Differential Thermal Analyzer-Temperature Gravimetric Analysis (DTA-TGA) results show the endothermic at 256 °C, and the exothermic peak at 935 °C with a total mass loss of 42.15% at 1238 °C. The shrinking core model was used for the kinetic studies of the reduction process. The closest kinetic model to the experimental results is the Ginstling-Brounshtein model, with an activation energy value of 8.73 kcal/mol. Copyright © 2020 BCREC Group. All rights reserved

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The ferromanganese production using Indonesian low-grade manganese ore using charcoal and palm kernel shell as reductant in mini electric arc furnace

Cited by 5 publications

References 1 publication

Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review

Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review

The challenges in the High Carbon Ferromanganese industry and prospects

Selective Reduction of Southeast Sulawesi Nickel Laterite using Palm Kernel Shell Charcoal: Kinetic Studies with Addition of Na2SO4 and NaCl as Additives

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