The Fetal and Neonatal Pig in Biomedical Research

Book, Steven A.; Bustad, L.K.

doi:10.2527/jas1974.385997x

Cited by 125 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Currently, no animal model meets all these criteria. The miniature pig, however, is sociable, easily trained, small, relatively inexpensive to house, and has a litter size of six to eight animals (6)(7)(8). Furthermore, the digestive physiology, gastrointestinal anatomy, and nutrient requirements of the pig are comparable to those of the human (6)(7)(8)27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pig is a logical candidate for studies of intestinal enzyme development because of similarities to the human in relation to intestinal anatomy and nutritional requirements (6)(7)(8). Previous studies of pig intestinal enzyme activity indicate a level of intestinal maturity at birth which is intermediate to that of the species named above and the human (9,10).…”

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The Miniature Pig as an Animal Model for the Study of Intestinal Enzyme Development

1988

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ABSTRAm. Studies of intestinal enzyme development and regulation relevant to the human infant require an animal model with a rate of maturation similar to that of the human infant. Hanford miniature pigs were weaned at 3 days of age to a standard swine weaning formula. At 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 wk of age, duodenal jejunal, and ileal segments were analyzed for protein content and lactase, sucrase, maltase, glucoamylase, and acid P-galactosidase activities. Protein content of the small intestine changed significantly with age only in the ileum ( p < 0.05). Lactase activity fell significantly with age in all segments of the small intestine ( p < 0.001); activity was highest in the jejunum. Sucrase and maltase activities were present in all segments of the small intestine at 1 wk of age. Sucrase increased significantly (2-fold, p < 0.02) with age only in the ileum and maltase increased significantly with age in the jejunum (by 50%, p < 0.05) and the ileum (3-fold, p < 0.001). Activities were highest in the jejunum. Glucoamylase activity was present at 1 wk of age and showed a small but significant increase with age only in the duodenum ( p < 0.005). Acid 8-galactosidase activity demonstrated small but significant decreases with age in all small intestinal segments. Glucoamylase and acid 0-galactosidase activities were similar in all segments. In the 6-wk-old pigs, activities of all the enzymes tested were similar to those found in young human infants. Our data demonstrate that the small intestinal enzyme development of the infant miniature pig is more advanced postnatally than other more commonly used animal species. The degree of small intestinal maturation and the similar intestinal enzyme distribution compared with that of the human infant suggest that the infant miniature pig is an excellent model for studies of intestinal enzyme development and regulation. (Pediatr Res 23: 311-315,1988) Abbreviation PCMB, P-chloromercuribenzoate Clinically relevant studies of the development and regulation of intestinal enzymes in the human infant have been hampered

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

The Miniature Pig as an Animal Model for the Study of Intestinal Enzyme Development

1988

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“…Piglets have less intrauterine gut development and hence at birth are more similar to premature neonates (20). Because premature babies are 14 times more likely to experience SBS, this is a clinically relevant translational model (20).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Neonatal piglets have gastrointestinal anatomy, physiology, and metabolism similar to those of human neonates (20,21). Piglets have less intrauterine gut development and hence at birth are more similar to premature neonates (20).…”

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Role of glucagon-like peptide–2 deficiency in neonatal short-bowel syndrome using neonatal piglets

et al. 2013

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Background: Short-bowel syndrome (SBS) is the most common cause of neonatal intestinal failure. Recovery requires intestinal adaptation, dependent on enteral nutrition (EN) and growth factors such as glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), which is secreted from L cells in the ileum. Neonatal SBS often results in loss of ileum; therefore, we hypothesized that without ileum, endogenous GLP-2 production would be inadequate to promote adaptation. We compared endogenous GLP-2 production and adaptation in neonatal animals with SBS, with and without ileum. Methods: Neonatal piglets (4-6 d) were randomized to 75% mid-intestinal resection, 75% distal-intestinal resection, or sham control without resection. Postoperatively, all piglets commenced parenteral nutrition (PN), tapering as EN was increased to maintain specific growth. results: The resected SBS piglets developed intestinal failure, requiring a longer duration of PN support and experiencing fat malabsorption. The piglets without ileum were not able to wean from PN during the study and did not show adaptation, specifically growth in intestinal length or crypt hyperplasia on histology of the jejunum. Adaptation was observed in the resected SBS piglets with ileum, and these piglets also had an increased plasma GLP-2 level that was not observed in piglets without ileum. conclusion: SBS piglets with ileum undergo adaptation associated with increased endogenous GLP-2 production. SBS piglets without ileum undergo limited adaptation and severe intestinal failure, requiring prolonged PN support. This appears to be related to a deficiency in endogenous GLP-2 production. n eonatal intestinal failure secondary to short-bowel syndrome (SBS) has a particularly poor outcome. It is most common in preterm infants, and necrotizing enterocolitis is the most common cause (1-3). Necrotizing enterocolitis usually results in loss of ileum and right colon and carries a significant mortality (4).After intestinal resection, adaptation of the remnant intestine is essential for survival, compensating for the reduced absorptive surface area, both structurally and functionally (5). This process is regulated by several factors, including the stage of intestinal development, site and length of resection, the underlying disease, nutritional status, and gut-derived hormones and growth factors (6). Among the growth factors, glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is considered to have an important role in inducing small-intestinal adaptation after resection. GLP-2 acts specifically at the GLP-2 receptor (GLP-2R), which is expressed throughout the small and large intestines but with greatest concentration in the jejunum (7). GLP-2 is uniquely trophic for the intestine (8). It can stimulate residual small-intestinal adaptation by increasing crypt cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis, thereby increasing villus height, crypt depth, mucosal mass, and overall small-intestinal length and weight (9-11). Functionally, GLP-2 increases activities of mucosal enzymes and therefore increases digestion and absorption (...

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Emerging Therapies for Intestinal Failure

Tappenden

2010

Arch Surg

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Given the immeasurable human distress and health care burden associated with intestinal failure, medical therapies aimed at intestinal rehabilitation are needed. Following massive small-bowel resection, the residual intestine is known to adapt structurally and functionally in an attempt to compensate for the resected portion. However, parenteral nutrition may be associated with many short- and long-term complications, including prevention of intestinal adaptation and promotion of mucosal atrophy due to lack of stimulus provided by oral or enteral nutrition. However, data herein demonstrate that the addition of butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid produced in the colon by dietary fiber fermentation, stimulates intestinal adaptation when added to parenteral nutrition, indicating that current solutions could be formulated to optimize intestinal adaptation and to reduce dependence of individuals with intestinal failure receiving long-term parenteral nutrition regimens.

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The Fetal and Neonatal Pig in Biomedical Research

Cited by 125 publications

References 20 publications

The Miniature Pig as an Animal Model for the Study of Intestinal Enzyme Development

The Miniature Pig as an Animal Model for the Study of Intestinal Enzyme Development

Role of glucagon-like peptide–2 deficiency in neonatal short-bowel syndrome using neonatal piglets

Emerging Therapies for Intestinal Failure

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