THE FIBRILLAR POLYSACCHARIDES AND THEIR LINKAGE TO ALGAENAN IN THE TRILAMINAR LAYER OF THE CELL WALL OF <i>COELASTRUM SPHAERICUM</i> (CHLOROPHYCEAE)

Rodríguez, María Cecilia; Noseda, Miguel D.; Cerezo, Alberto S.

doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3551025.x

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…For example, 13 C CP/MAS characterization of cell-wall extracts revealed the coexistence of algaenan with proteins and other polysaccharides such as cellulose and β-1,4-mannan in Coelastrum sphaericum green algae . Algaenan is thought to induce local heterogeneity by creating gaps in crystalline materials, thus providing the flexibility needed for cell division . Furthermore, this work reports the assignment of 13 C signals from algaenan and fibrillar polysaccharides as well as the linkages within algeanan or between algaenan and cellulose.…”

Section: The Highly Diverse Cell-wall Complexes Of Ubiquitous Algaementioning

confidence: 83%

Solid-State NMR Investigations of Extracellular Matrixes and Cell Walls of Algae, Bacteria, Fungi, and Plants

et al. 2021

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Extracellular matrixes (ECMs), such as the cell walls and biofilms, are important for supporting cell integrity and function and regulating intercellular communication. These biomaterials are also of significant interest to the production of biofuels and the development of antimicrobial treatment. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) and magic-angle spinning-dynamic nuclear polarization (MAS-DNP) are uniquely powerful for understanding the conformational structure, dynamical characteristics, and supramolecular assemblies of carbohydrates and other biomolecules in ECMs. This review highlights the recent high-resolution investigations of intact ECMs and native cells in many organisms spanning across plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae. We spotlight the structural principles identified in ECMs, discuss the current technical limitation and underexplored biochemical topics, and point out the promising opportunities enabled by the recent advances of the rapidly evolving ssNMR technology.

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Section: The Highly Diverse Cell-wall Complexes Of Ubiquitous Algaementioning

confidence: 83%

Solid-State NMR Investigations of Extracellular Matrixes and Cell Walls of Algae, Bacteria, Fungi, and Plants

et al. 2021

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“…It is important to note that other compounds may be associated with the algaenan, for example isoprenoids in the case of Botryococcus braunii race L (Bertheas et al . 1999) or sugars in the case of Coelastrum sphaericum (Rodríguez et al . 1999), but they are removed upon hydrolysis.…”

Section: Algaenans Of Extant Microalgaementioning

confidence: 99%

Resistant macromolecules of extant and fossil microalgae

Versteegh

Blokker

2004

Phycological Res

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The occurrence and composition of macromolecular resistant walls of microalgae and their fossil macromolecular counterparts are reviewed. To date, several algal groups have been identified to produce fossilizable biomacromolecules. Only two biosynthetic pathways seem to be responsible for this, of which the acetate/malate pathway used by Chlorophyta, Eustigmatophyta and Dinophyta is considered to lead to a series of closely related resistant biomacromolecules, called algaenans. Algaenans consist of a network of predominantly linear carbon chains. A different, as yet unidentified, pathway is used by the Dinophyta to produce the aromatic walls of their cysts. The polyketide or acetogenic pathway may have been responsible for resorcinol-based algae or bacteria-derived microfossils of the acritarch Gloeocapsamorpha prisca , either through synthesis of the biomacromolecule or through a third pathway, the post-mortem polymerization of its resorcinol lipids. The post-mortem polymerization of lipids also appears to be responsible for the formation of fatty acid-based macromolecules in Eocene dinoflagellateshaped remains from Pakistan. Finally, there is a clear need for elucidating the chemical differences between the biomacromolecules produced by the algae and their fossil analogs in the sediments. This notably applies to the release and condensation of aliphatic and aromatic moieties both at normal and at elevated temperature and pressure conditions.

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“…The low AHS content of C. homosphaera late stationary grown phase cells found in this study suggests that reserve carbohydrates, which may have accumulated during the exponential phase of growth as suggested by the Lugol’s solution coloration used for cell counting (data not shown), were converted into structural carbohydrates and incorporated into the algal cell wall [ 37 - 39 ] primarily as a glucan type, most likely cellulose. Accordingly, cellulose was the primary polysaccharide present in Chlorella fusca [ 30 , 31 ] and Coelastrum sphaericum [ 35 ]; however, a similar low starch content was found in the chlorophyte Chlorococcum humicola [ 40 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The outer cell wall, which is resistant to treatment with a number of enzymes, presents two types of ultrastructure, one of which is a trilaminar structure with several resistant components including the biopolymer algaenan, a non-hydrolyzable aliphatic biopolymer composed of long-chain, even-carbon-numbered, ω9-unsaturated ω-hydroxy fatty acid monomers that vary in their chain lengths from 30 to 34 carbon atoms. These monomers are intermolecularly ester-linked to form linear chains in which the unsaturated carbons act as the starting position of ether cross-linking [ 35 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untreated Chlorella homosphaera biomass allows for high rates of cell wall glucan enzymatic hydrolysis when using exoglucanase-free cellulases

Rodrigues

Teixeira

Ferreira-Leitão

et al. 2015

Biotechnol Biofuels

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BackgroundChlorophyte microalgae have a cell wall containing a large quantity of cellulose Iα with a triclinic unit cell hydrogen-bonding pattern that is more susceptible to hydrolysis than that of the cellulose Iβ polymorphic form that is predominant in higher plants. This study addressed the enzymatic hydrolysis of untreated Chlorella homosphaera biomass using selected enzyme preparations, aiming to identify the relevant activity profile for the microalgae cellulose hydrolysis. Enzymes from Acremonium cellulolyticus, which secretes a complete pool of cellulases plus β-glucosidase; Trichoderma reesei, which secretes a complete pool of cellulases with low β-glucosidase; Aspergillus awamori, which secretes endoglucanases and β-glucosidase; blends of T. reesei-A. awamori or A. awamori-A. cellulolyticus enzymes; and a purified A. awamori β-glucosidase were evaluated.ResultsThe highest initial glucan hydrolysis rate of 140.3 mg/g/h was observed for A. awamori enzymes with high β-glucosidase, low endoglucanase, and negligible cellobiohydrolase activities. The initial hydrolysis rates when using A. cellulolyticus or T. reesei enzymes were significantly lower, whereas the results for the T. reesei-A. awamori and A. awamori-A. cellulolyticus blends were similar to that for the A. awamori enzymes. Thus, the hydrolysis of C. homosphaera cellulose was performed exclusively by the endoglucanase and β-glucosidase activities. X-ray diffraction data showing negligible cellulose crystallinity for untreated C. homosphaera biomass corroborate these findings. The A. awamori-A. cellulolyticus blend showed the highest initial polysaccharide hydrolysis rate of 185.6 mg/g/h, as measured by glucose equivalent, in addition to the highest predicted maximum glucan hydrolysis yield of 47% of total glucose (w/w). T. reesei enzymes showed the lowest predicted maximum glucan hydrolysis yield of 25% (w/w), whereas the maximum yields of approximately 31% were observed for the other enzyme preparations. The hydrolysis yields were proportional to the enzyme β-glucosidase load, indicating that the endoglucanase load was not rate-limiting.ConclusionsHigh rates of enzymatic hydrolysis were achieved for untreated C. homosphaera biomass with enzymes containing endoglucanase and β-glucosidase activities and devoid of cellobiohydrolase activity. These findings simplify the complexity of the enzyme pools required for the enzymatic hydrolysis of microalgal biomass decreasing the enzyme cost for the production of microalgae-derived glucose syrups.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13068-015-0215-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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THE FIBRILLAR POLYSACCHARIDES AND THEIR LINKAGE TO ALGAENAN IN THE TRILAMINAR LAYER OF THE CELL WALL OF COELASTRUM SPHAERICUM (CHLOROPHYCEAE)

Cited by 13 publications

References 37 publications

Solid-State NMR Investigations of Extracellular Matrixes and Cell Walls of Algae, Bacteria, Fungi, and Plants

Solid-State NMR Investigations of Extracellular Matrixes and Cell Walls of Algae, Bacteria, Fungi, and Plants

Resistant macromolecules of extant and fossil microalgae

Untreated Chlorella homosphaera biomass allows for high rates of cell wall glucan enzymatic hydrolysis when using exoglucanase-free cellulases

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