The Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence and Japan's Computer Challenge to the World

Feigenbaum, Edward A.; McCorduck, Pamela

doi:10.2307/3324061

Cited by 68 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…He knows when to break the rules and what is relevant to his task and irrelevant to his job. [38] B. The Connectionism AI Requires a Logical Framework IBM's Deep Blue defeated G. Kasparov in 1997, which utilized Brute-force search, and DeepMind's Alpha Star defeated a human champion playing Starcraft II in 2019.…”

Section: A the Real World Is Not Exactly Like Symbolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Historical Review and Philosophical Examination of the two Paradigms in Artificial Intelligence Research

Youheng

2023

EJAI

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Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field that has undergone significant changes and challenges over time. This paper reviews the historical development of AI and representative philosophical thinking, and also considers the methodology and applications of AI, and anticipates its continued advancement. It discusses two main paradigms: symbolism and connectionism, which differ in how they explain and implement intelligence through symbols or artificial neural networks. However, neither paradigm is the final answer to AI research but rather reflects the best answer at a given time. The paper also analyzes the shortcomings of both paradigms from a philosophical perspective and argues that the most fundamental philosophical issue therein is understanding the difference between biological and artificial intelligence.

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Section: A the Real World Is Not Exactly Like Symbolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Historical Review and Philosophical Examination of the two Paradigms in Artificial Intelligence Research

Youheng

2023

EJAI

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“…Knowledge engineering was defined by Edward Feigenbaum, and Pamela McCorduck as follows: (Feigenbaum and McCorduck 1984) "Knowledge engineering is an engineering discipline that involves integrating knowledge into computer systems in order to solve complex problems normally requiring a high level of human expertise. "…”

Section: Intelligence Gatheringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epistemology of Intelligence Agencies

Sfetcu

2023

SSRN Journal

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“…However, efforts remained fractured by lack of shared software and the cost of hardware development. Most of the attempts that were actually operationalized like the Connection Machine in 1985 (Taubes, 1995), Space in 1992 (Howe & Asanović, 1994), Ring Array Processor in 1989 (Morgan et al, 1992) and the Japanese 5th generation computer project (Morgan, 1983) were designed to favor logic programming such as PROLOG and LISP that were poorly suited to connectionist deep neural networks. Later iterations such as HipNet-1 (Kingsbury et al, 1998), and the Analog Neural Network Chip in 1991 (Sackinger et al, 1992) were promising but short lived because of the intolerable cost of iteration and the need for custom silicon.…”

Section: The Lost Decadesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hardware Lottery

Hooker¹

2020

Preprint

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Hardware, systems and algorithms research communities have historically had different incentive structures and fluctuating motivation to engage with each other explicitly. This historical treatment is odd given that hardware and software have frequently determined which research ideas succeed (and fail). This essay introduces the term hardware lottery to describe when a research idea wins because it is suited to the available software and hardware and not because the idea is superior to alternative research directions. Examples from early computer science history illustrate how hardware lotteries can delay research progress by casting successful ideas as failures. These lessons are particularly salient given the advent of domain specialized hardware which make it increasingly costly to stray off of the beaten path of research ideas. This essay posits that the gains from progress in computing are likely to become even more uneven, with certain research directions moving into the fast-lane while progress on others is further obstructed.

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The Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence and Japan's Computer Challenge to the World

Cited by 68 publications

References 0 publications

A Historical Review and Philosophical Examination of the two Paradigms in Artificial Intelligence Research

A Historical Review and Philosophical Examination of the two Paradigms in Artificial Intelligence Research

Epistemology of Intelligence Agencies

The Hardware Lottery

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