The fine structure of the nervous system 494 pages. £80.00., Neurons and their supporting cells (Third edition), Oxford University Press (1991) 0-19-506571-9.

Peters, Alan; Palay, Sanford L.; Webster, Henry deF.; CH,

doi:10.1016/s0309-1651(06)80129-3

Cited by 432 publications

(713 citation statements)

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“…They have been therefore considered as a plausible morphological correlate of synapse strengthening, possibly reflecting the increased number of AMPA receptors expressed at potentiated synapses (Bourne and Harris, 2008). Our experiments reveal that at symmetric, inhibitory synapses, the postsynaptic densities are also sometimes disposed as discrete patches facing the same terminal, consistent with the observation of interruptions of the PSD on random single sections (Peters et al, 1991). Threedimensional reconstructions illustrate the complexity of some inhibitory somatic PSDs, demonstrating the existence of separate release pools of synaptic vesicles attached to each part of a segmented inhibitory PSD.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…At the EM level, pyramidal cell bodies were defined by a typical pyramidal shape and by the presence of a large round nucleus, with homogeneously dispersed karyoplasm, that occupied much of the perikaryon. Inhibitory somatic synapses were identified by their morphology (Peters et al, 1991): symmetric synaptic contacts, with a narrow synaptic cleft and a postsynaptic density significantly less pronounced than in excitatory synapses, facing axonal terminals filled with pleomorphic synaptic vesicles (Fig. 1A).…”

Section: Axo-somatic Inhibitory Synapsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Excitatory synaptic activity is associated with a rapid structural plasticity of inhibitory synapses on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells

et al. 2011

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This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues.Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. Synaptic activity, such as long-term potentiation (LTP), has been shown to induce morphological plasticity of excitatory synapses on dendritic spines through the spine head and postsynaptic density (PSD) enlargement and reorganization. Much less, however, is known about activity-induced morphological modifications of inhibitory synapses. Using an in vitro model of rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures and electron microscopy, we studied activity-related morphological changes of somatic inhibitory inputs triggered by a brief oxygeneglucose deprivation (OGD) episode, a condition associated with a synaptic enhancement referred to as anoxic LTP and a structural remodeling of excitatory synapses. Threedimensional reconstruction of inhibitory axo-somatic synapses at different times before and after brief OGD revealed important morphological changes. The PSD area significantly and markedly increased at synapses with large and complex PSDs, but not at synapses with simple, macular PSDs. Activity-related changes of PSD size and presynaptic bouton volume developed in a strongly correlated manner. Analyses of single and serial sections further showed that the density of inhibitory synaptic contacts on the cell soma did not change within 1 h after OGD. In contrast, the proportion of the cell surface covered with inhibitory PSDs, as well as the complexity of these PSDs significantly increased, with less macular PSDs and more complex, segmented shapes. Together, these data reveal a rapid activity-related restructuring of somatic inhibitory synapses characterized by an enlargement and increased complexity of inhibitory PSDs, providing a new mechanism for a quick adjustment of the excitatoryeinhibitory balance. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Synaptic Plasticity & Interneurons'.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Axo-somatic Inhibitory Synapsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excitatory synaptic activity is associated with a rapid structural plasticity of inhibitory synapses on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells

et al. 2011

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“…Chemical fixation is essential in order to stabilize tissue structure against damage during dissection, sectioning, staining, photooxidation, processing, and embedding. Numerous studies over the years have documented that chemical fixation does an outstanding job of preserving molecular arrangements and tissue ultrastructure (see Hayat, 1982;Peters et al, 1991). However, chemical fixatives are known to be relatively poor at preserving, or preventing the extraction by later processing steps of some classes of molecules, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The combination of chemical fixation procedures with high pressure freezing and freeze substitution preserves highly labile tissue ultrastructure for electron tomography applications

Sosinsky

Crum

Jones

et al. 2008

Journal of Structural Biology

115

114

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The emergence of electron tomography as a tool for three dimensional structure determination of cells and tissues has brought its own challenges for the preparation of thick sections. High pressure freezing in combination with freeze substitution provides the best method for obtaining the largest volume of well-preserved tissue. However, for deeply embedded, heterogeneous, labile tissues needing careful dissection, such as brain, the damage due to anoxia and excision before cryofixation is significant. We previously demonstrated that chemical fixation prior to high pressure freezing preserves fragile tissues and produces superior tomographic reconstructions compared to equivalent tissue preserved by chemical fixation alone. Here, we provide further characterization of the technique, comparing the ultrastructure of Flock House Virus infected DL1 insect cells that were 1) high pressure frozen without fixation, 2) high pressure frozen following fixation, and 3) conventionally prepared with aldehyde fixatives. Aldehyde fixation prior to freezing produces ultrastructural preservation superior to that obtained through chemical fixation alone that is close to that obtained when cells are fast frozen without fixation. We demonstrate using a variety of nervous system tissues, including neurons that were injected with a fluorescent dye and then photooxidized, that this technique provides excellent preservation compared to chemical fixation alone and can be extended to selectively stained material where cryofixation is impractical.

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“…Disc-shaped, segmented and perforated PSDs, consisting of granular and filamentous materials, have been observed by electron microscopy (Cohen and Siekevitz 1978;Spack 1985;Harris and Stevens 1989;Peters et al 1991;Geinisman et al 1992;Itarat and Jones 1993). Biochemical procedures have been developed to isolate PSDs from the brains of different animals (Cotman et al 1974;Cohen et al 1977;Gurd et al 1982).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural role of zinc ions bound to postsynaptic densities

Jan

Chen

Tsai

et al. 2002

Journal of Neurochemistry

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Postsynaptic densities (PSDs) isolated from porcine cerebral cortices are large aggregates consisting of more than 30 different proteins. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric analyses revealed that isolated PSDs contained zinc at a concentration of 4.1 nmol per mg protein. Treatment with 8 M urea lead to dissociation of the PSDs into small components and, concomitantly, depletion of most of their bound zinc. After removal of the urea by dialysis, urea-dissociated PSD proteins did not reassemble into aggregates by themselves. Adding ZnCl 2 to urea-treated PSD samples resulted in the assembly of urea-dissociated proteins into large aggregates with morphology and protein composition closely resembling those of the original PSDs. Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Co 2+ , Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 3+ , K + and Na + ions at higher concentrations also induced the aggregation of urea-dissociated PSD protein. The structures of the K + -, Na + -, Mg 2+ -and Ca 2+ -induced aggregates were distinct from that of the original PSDs. Our results indicate that the structure of the PSD could be disassembled and reassembled under in vitro conditions. They further suggest that Zn 2+ ions, by binding to certain zincbinding proteins, play an important role in the formation and maintenance of the structure of the PSD.

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The fine structure of the nervous system 494 pages. £80.00., Neurons and their supporting cells (Third edition), Oxford University Press (1991) 0-19-506571-9.

Cited by 432 publications

References 0 publications

Excitatory synaptic activity is associated with a rapid structural plasticity of inhibitory synapses on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells

Excitatory synaptic activity is associated with a rapid structural plasticity of inhibitory synapses on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells

The combination of chemical fixation procedures with high pressure freezing and freeze substitution preserves highly labile tissue ultrastructure for electron tomography applications

Structural role of zinc ions bound to postsynaptic densities

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