The first detection of a serotype O foot‐and‐mouth disease virus in Namibia

Banda, Fredrick; Shilongo, Albertina; Hikufe, Emmanuel H; Khaiseb, Siegfried; Kabajani, Juliet; Shikongo, Beatrice; Set, Paul; Kapapero, Joseph K; Shoombe, Kenneth K; Zaire, Georgina; Kabilika, Swithine; Quan, Melvyn; Fana, E. M.; Mopasetso, Mokganedi; Hyera, J.M.K.; Wadsworth, Jemma; Knowles, Nick J.; Nardo, Antonello Di; King, Donald P.

doi:10.1111/tbed.14561

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In Ethiopia, EA-2 and EA-4 topotypes were circulating from 2008-2014 (Figure 2) [59,62]. Interestingly, O/EA-2 is spreading southward and has occurred in Zambia via Tanzania since 2018 [63] and has spread further to Namibia in 2021 [64] as well as to Malawi and Mozambique in 2022 [65].…”

Section: Serotype O Topotypes In the Horn Of Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The O/KEN/77/78 vaccine, commonly used in the region, presents a lower percent antigenic match against the dominant circulating topotypes EA-2 and EA-3 in the region [6]. At least in Kenya, the O/EA-1 topotype is used to formulate the vaccines, resulting in low cross-protection with circulating viruses [64]. For serotype, FMDV vaccine matching studies suggest the reformulation of commercial vaccines that are currently used in the region and comprise A-KEN-05-1980 and A-ETH-06-2000 antigens [49,51,71,89].…”

Section: Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiological Dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Horn of Africa: The Role of Virus Diversity and Animal Movement

Woldemariyam

Kariuki

Kamau

et al. 2023

Viruses

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The Horn of Africa is a large area of arid and semi-arid land, holding about 10% of the global and 40% of the entire African livestock population. The region’s livestock production system is mainly extensive and pastoralist. It faces countless problems, such as a shortage of pastures and watering points, poor access to veterinary services, and multiple endemic diseases like foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the most economically important livestock diseases worldwide and is endemic in most developing countries. Within Africa, five of the seven serotypes of the FMD virus (FMDV) are described, but serotype C is not circulating anymore, a burden unseen anywhere in the world. The enormous genetic diversity of FMDV is favored by an error-prone RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, intra-typic and inter-typic recombination, as well as the quasi-species nature of the virus. This paper describes the epidemiological dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease in the Horn of Africa with regard to the serotypes and topotypes distribution of FMDV, the livestock production systems practiced, animal movement, the role of wildlife, and the epidemiological complexity of FMD. Within this review, outbreak investigation data and serological studies confirm the endemicity of the disease in the Horn of Africa. Multiple topotypes of FMDV are described in the literature as circulating in the region, with further evolution of virus diversity predicted. A large susceptible livestock population and the presence of wild ungulates are described as complicating the epidemiology of the disease. Further, the husbandry practices and legal and illegal trading of livestock and their products, coupled with poor biosecurity practices, are also reported to impact the spread of FMDV within and between countries in the region. The porosity of borders for pastoralist herders fuels the unregulated transboundary livestock trade. There are no systematic control strategies in the region except for sporadic vaccination with locally produced vaccines, while literature indicates that effective control measures should also consider virus diversity, livestock movements/biosecurity, transboundary trade, and the reduction of contact with wild, susceptible ungulates.

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Section: Serotype O Topotypes In the Horn Of Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Horn of Africa: The Role of Virus Diversity and Animal Movement

Woldemariyam

Kariuki

Kamau

et al. 2023

Viruses

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“…This is partly because of the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic, as well as recurrent outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in parts of the NCAs. This required concerted actions by both public and animal health in an attempt to bring the situation under control [ 10 , 11 ]. As a result, parenteral mass dog rabies vaccinations (MDV) planned for the years 2020–2022 were jeopardized as resources had to be diverted [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dog ecology and rabies knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) in the Northern Communal Areas of Namibia

Tenzin,

Hikufe,

Hedimbi

et al. 2024

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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In 2021, a comprehensive dog demographic questionnaire combined with a KAP survey were conducted in the northern communal areas (NCAs) of Namibia with the aim of gaining a better understanding of dog populations, owner behaviour, and knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) relating to rabies. The survey of 3,726 households across the eight regions of the NCAs provided insights that will inform interventions in order to improve human rabies prevention and Namibia’s dog rabies control strategy. The results showed a relatively low average human/dog ratio (HDR) of 5.4:1 indicating a surprisingly high dog population of at least 272,000 dogs in the NCAs, 93% of which appear to be owned but are free-roaming. Data analysis revealed opportunities but also highlighted needs for improvements in rabies surveillance and mass dog vaccinations. Although knowledge, attitude, and practice scores towards epidemiologic and clinical aspects, human rabies prevention, and dog rabies vaccination were deemed to be acceptable, the survey nevertheless revealed deficiencies in certain aspects in some of the population. Interestingly, data seemed to indicate relatively high dog bite incidences per 100,000 people, ranging between 262 and 1,369 and a certain number of unreported human rabies cases. Despite the very high number of dogs, only 50% of dog-owning households reported having vaccinated their dogs. In order to address these issues, the planning, announcement, and implementation of mass dog vaccination campaigns needs to be adapted to achieve adequate vaccination coverage. Another focus needs to be on rabies awareness and education if Namibia is to be significantly contributing to the global goal of “Zero by 30”.

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“…This is partly because of the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic, as well as recurrent outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in parts of the NCAs. This required concerted actions by both public and animal health in an attempt to bring the situation under control [10,11]. As a result, rabies mass dog vaccinations planned for the years 2020-2022 were jeopardized as resources had to be diverted [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dog Ecology and Rabies Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) in the Northern Communal Areas of Namibia

Tenzin,

Hikufe,

Hedimbi

et al. 2023

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In 2021, a comprehensive dog demographic questionnaire combined with a KAP survey were conducted in the northern communal areas (NCAs) of Namibia with the aim of gaining a better understanding of dog populations, owner behaviour, and knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) relating to rabies. The survey of 3,726 households across the eight regions of the NCAs provided insights that will inform interventions on order to improve human rabies prevention and Namibia's dog rabies control strategy. The results showed a relatively low average human/dog ratio (HDR) of 5.4:1 indicating a surprisingly high dog population of at least 272,000 dogs in the NCAs, 93% of which appear to be owned but are free-roaming. Data analysis revealed opportunities but also highlighted needs for improvements in rabies surveillance and mass dog vaccinations. Although knowledge, attitude, and practice scores towards epidemiologic and clinical aspects, human rabies prevention, and canine rabies vaccination were deemed to be acceptable, the survey nevertheless revealed deficiencies in some of the population. Interestingly, data seemed to indicate a certain number of unreported human rabies cases. Other findings included the very high number of dogs. However, only 50% of dog-owning households reported having vaccinated their dogs. In order to address these issues, the planning, announcement, and implementation of mass dog vaccination campaigns need to be adapted to achieve adequate vaccination coverage. Another focus needs to be on rabies awareness and education if Namibia is to be significantly contributing to the global goal of "Zero by 30".

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The first detection of a serotype O foot‐and‐mouth disease virus in Namibia

Cited by 10 publications

References 23 publications

Epidemiological Dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Horn of Africa: The Role of Virus Diversity and Animal Movement

Epidemiological Dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Horn of Africa: The Role of Virus Diversity and Animal Movement

Dog ecology and rabies knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) in the Northern Communal Areas of Namibia

Dog Ecology and Rabies Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) in the Northern Communal Areas of Namibia

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