The first evidence of accumulation and avoidance behavior of macroinvertebrates in a forest soil spiked with human-made iron nanoparticles: A field experiment

Abstract

Both earthworms and terrestrial isopods have been used to evaluate the quality of contaminated soil by NPs. However, most experiments have been conducted in the laboratory and under greenhouse conditions. Besides, little is known of Fe accumulation in earthworms from iron NPs (Fe NPs) under natural conditions. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of manufactured NPs on the accumulation of Fe in macroinvertebrates from forest soil. Our results revealed that earthworms consume low amounts of Fe in a concentration of 1000 mg Fe NPs kg −1 of dry soil, with a behavior constant over time. Besides, we observed that earthworms could not detect Fe at low concentrations (1 or 10 mg Fe NPs kg −1 ), so they do not limit soil consumption, which translates into high amounts of Fe in their bodies. By contrast, the content of Fe in organisms is inversely proportional to increasing concentrations in the soil (R 2 = -0.41, p < 0.05). Therefore, although studies are needed, in addition to considering environmental factors and the physicochemical properties of the soil, endogenous worms in the evaluated area could, under natural conditions, be useful to inform us of contamination of NP manufactured from Faith. Besides, for future research, a novel methodology should be considered to demonstrate more realistic avoidance behavior under field conditions.

The Potential of Fe‐Based Magnetic Nanomaterials for the Agriculture Sector

“…Their results clearly illustrated the toxicity of a high Fe concentration towards earthworms in natural soil under laboratory conditions. Nevertheless, these findings are not in agreement with that of Hermes et al [209] who carried out similar experiments as Liang et al [207] but under the natural field condition. Their results showed that after 2 hrs of exposure, the Fe contents in soils were similar regardless of the applied iron-based MNP concentrations.…”

“…Their results clearly illustrated the toxicity of a high Fe concentration towards earthworms in natural soil under laboratory conditions. Nevertheless, these findings are not in agreement with that of Hermes et al [209] . who carried out similar experiments as Liang et al [207] .…”

Biological monitoring of Soil pollution caused by two different Zinc species using earthworms

“…The avoidance tests are quick, reasonable, and simple to do as compared to other common sublethal experiments, including reproduction. Nevertheless, the behavioural response is dependent on the species of earthworms tested, the contaminants in which they are exposed, and other soil-speci c variables (Hermes et al, 2020). The harmful effects of ZnO-NPs, according to some studies, are brought on by the release of zinc ions, while other studies asserted that the toxic effects are brought on by the adherence of the particles to the organism's surface or their internalization.…”