The first fossil record of a giant horsetail (Equisetum, Equisetaceae) is from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina

Abstract

A Miocene macroflora recovered from Ñirihuau Formation sediments exposed at Quebrada Vera site in northwesterern Patagonia, Argentina, is recorded and described for the first time. The assemblage is composed exclusively of free-sporing plants, mainly by Equisetum remains with subordinate occurrences of four fern morphotypes (represented by bi-, tri- and pinnate fronds). Equisetum imprints and molds include distinctive jointed stems with whorls of linear and basally fused leaves, numerous scars of lateral branches arranged in a radially symmetrical pattern situated at the nodes, and nodal diaphragms of up to 4 cm in diameter. The large size and regular branching of the stems link the fossils to the South American giant members of the genus and they probably represent a new fossil species. This is the first conclusive fossil record of a giant Equisetum worldwide, and consequently, it is biogeographically and evolutionarily relevant. The new findings attest that members of the giant horsetail clade were components of the Patagonian vegetation in the Miocene, implying that the age of the clade must predate that estimated from morphological and/or molecular data. The plant fossil assemblage represents part of a wetland community probably growing close to a riverside or lakeshore in coincidence with previous sedimentological estimates.

Chloroplast genome structure analysis of Equisetum unveils phylogenetic relationships to ferns and mutational hotspot region

“…The crown group age of subgenus Equisetum was approximately 80 Mya (95% HPD, 62.8-128.1 Mya) and that for subgenus Hippochaete was approximately 72 Mya (95% HPD, 66.2-87.3 Mya) ( Figure 4 ). The timing obtained for the division of the main clades closely corresponds to the results of Zamaloa et al. (2022) , who solely relied on the ages of the fossil species incorporated to ascertain the time of divergence.…”