The First Genetic Linkage Map of Winged Bean [Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.] and QTL Mapping for Flower-, Pod-, and Seed-Related Traits

Abstract

Winged bean [Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.] (2n = 2× = 18) is a tropical legume crop with multipurpose usages. Recently, the winged bean has regained attention from scientists as a food protein source. Currently, there is no breeding program for winged bean cultivars. All winged bean cultivars are landraces or selections from landraces. Molecular markers and genetic linkage maps are pre-requisites for molecular plant breeding. The aim of this study was to develop a high-density linkage map and identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for pod and seed-related traits of the winged bean. An F2 population of 86 plants was developed from a cross between winged bean accessions W054 and TPT9 showing contrasting pod length, and pod, flower and seed colors. A genetic linkage map of 1384 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers generated from restriction site-associated DNA sequencing was constructed. The map resolved nine haploid chromosomes of the winged bean and spanned the cumulative length of 4552.8 cM with the number of SNPs per linkage ranging from 36 to 218 with an average of 153.78. QTL analysis in the F2 population revealed 31 QTLs controlling pod length, pod color, pod anthocyanin content, flower color, and seed color. The number of QTLs per trait varied between 1 (seed length) to 7 (banner color). Interestingly, the major QTLs for pod color, anthocyanin content, and calyx color, and for seed color and flower wing color were located at the same position. The high-density linkage map QTLs reported in this study will be useful for molecular breeding of winged beans.

Exploiting genetic and genomic resources to enhance productivity and abiotic stress adaptation of underutilized pulses

“…Major QTL for pod length (qPoL3) and seed breadth (qSB4), length (qSL7.2) and thickness (qST9) mapped; previously reported QTL for pod length (qPoL8) and 100-seed weight (qSW8) and for seeds pod -1 (qSN9.2) confirmed Garcia-Oliveira et al, 2020 One major and six minor QTL associated with pod length Kongjaimun et al (2012b) Winged bean 31 QTL linked with pod length, pod colour, pod anthocyanin content, and flower and seed colour; the major QTL for pod colour, anthocyanin content, and calyx colour, and for seed colour and flower wing colour located at the same position Chankaew et al (2022) Frontiers in Genetics frontiersin.org important method for the breeding of crops to improve their productivity and resilience under stresses caused by climate change (Gramazio et al, 2021). It involves the integration of genetic materials from one species to another, often from a wild relative to a domesticated crop (Quezada-Martinez et al, 2021).…”

“…the loss of shattering in domesticated rice (Konishi et al, 2006;Li et al, 2006), hard kernel coat in maize (Wang et al, 2005), and fruit size in tomato (Frary et al, 2000). High density linkage maps are available for several minor legumes, including adzuki bean (Han et al, 2005), Bambara groundnut (Gao et al, 2023), grass pea (Hao et al, 2022), lima bean (Garcia et al, 2021), and winged bean (Chankaew et al, 2022).…”

“…Recently discovered putative candidate genes and QTL associated with agronomically useful traits are, respectively, summarized in Tables 6, 7. The examples include pod/seed, pod fiber and pod shattering traits in African yard long bean or moth bean (Yundaeng et al, 2019;Garcia-Oliveira et al, 2020;Watcharatpong et al, 2020); seed weight and seed size in rice bean ; photoperiod-induced flowering in adzuki and lablab beans (Imoto et al, 2022;Krishna et al, 2022); relative water content, root traits (volume, weight, and length), chlorophyll content and biochemical pathways genes associated with abiotic stress adaptation in adzuki bean, Bambara groundnut, horse Gram, and moth bean (Katoch and Chahota et al, 2021;Tayade et al, 2022b;Choudhary et al, 2022;Meena et al, 2022;Odesola et al, 2023) or salt stress tolerance in grass pea (Alsamman et al, 2023); genes involved with unique nutritive values of moth bean seed (Suranjika et al, 2022); and anthocyanin contents in winged bean pod and seed (Chankaew et al, 2022).…”

A daylength-neutral winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) for Southern Australian latitudes

“…For example, accession MYO-01 has quite small pods (a mature pod length of around 11 cm, half that of accessions CHIMBU and MYAN-05), but studies elsewhere have shown that high vegetable pod yields are correlated with pod length and weight more so than with pod number (Kesavan and Erskine 1980, in Papua New Guinea;Yulianah et al 2020, in Indonesia). Similar germplasm evaluations in various locations have shown considerable diversity in pod characteristics, including pod length, width and weight, and pod color, shape, and texture (Khan 1982;Kuswanto et al 2016;Kant and Nandan 2018;Sarode Hemal and Dodake 2019;Adegboyega et al 2019Adegboyega et al , 2021Laosatit et al 2021;Chankaew et al 2022) that could provide nutritional diversity and novelty in competitive commercial vegetable markets.…”

Comparison of Cassava Chips and Winged Bean Tubers with Various Starch Modifications on Chemical Composition, the Kinetics of Gas, Ruminal Degradation, and Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics Using an In Situ Nylon Bag and an In Vitro Gas Production Technique

“…The WB has green pod productivity of up to 10 t/ha and tuber productivity of up to 11 t/ha [5]. The WB tuber (WBT) has 20% CP, 3.0% crude fiber (CF), 0.6% fat, and a high starch level of 25-30% (energy = 3.82 Mcal/kg) [6,7], which should make it a suitable alternative for animal feed [3].…”