The First Occurrence of Hepatitis-Hydropericardium Syndrome in Iran and Effective Applied Control Measures in the Affected Commercial Broiler Flock

Fowl Adenovirus Infection – Potential Cause of a Suppressed Humoral Immune Response of Broilers to Newcastle Disease Vaccination

“…As shown in some other investigations FAdV infection can cause signifi cant inhibition of antibody responses to inactivated vaccines against Newcastle disease and avian infl uenza virus subtype H9 [33,34]. Also, it was reported that FAdV decreased the ability to mount an antibody response to unrelated antigens in infected birds [33].…”

Molecular Characterisation of Fowl Adenovirus Associated With Hydropericardium Hepatitis Syndrome in Broiler and Layer Breeders in Azerbaijan

“…Hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome (HHS), formerly called hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) and Angara disease, was first described in 1987 in broiler chickens in Angara Goth, Pakistan [3]. Since 2015, after the detection of hypervirulent strain of FAdV-4 in China [32,38] HHS cases have increased and severe outbreaks of HHS have been reported in chicken flocks in many countries like Iran, India, China, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Poland and USA causing economical losses especially in 3-5 weeks old broilers with mortality rate up to 100% [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. After the report of hypervirulent FAdV-4 strain and its rapid spread in China [32,38] the emergent novel FAdV-4 serotype became very important virus to investigate in terms of molecular epidemiology and vaccine design.…”

“…Hexon and fiber proteins of FAdV are important structural proteins in virulence and host immune response to FAdVs and have been used for molecular characterisation by many investigators [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]33]. In the present study, the hexon gene was used to investigate the phylogeny of the FAdVs.…”

“…Although the HHS mostly reported from the broiler flocks after 2 weeks of hatch, breeding and laying flocks can also be affected with less frequency [7] as we have seen in this study. The mortality rates in broilers may reach up to 100% [16,17]. However, mortality rate is lower when chickens get older since FAdV-4 infections are found to be age related [39].…”

“…FAdVs are transmitted vertically and horizontally via all excretions, but the highest titers are found in feces and therefore fecal-oral transmission is very efficient way of transmission [19]. Because of rapid spread via feces and emergence of hypervirulent strain in China, outbreaks have been reported in the Middle east, Africa, Asia and recently in the USA [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. However, there is no report about the occurrence of this disease complex in Azerbaijan at present.…”