The First Record of Dirofilaria immitis Infection in a Humboldt Penguin, Spheniscus humboldti

Sano, Yutaka; Aoki, Mikiko; Takahashi, H.; Miura, Michi; Komatsu, Makoto; Abe, Yasuo; Kakino, Jun; Itagaki, Tadashi

doi:10.1645/ge-3492-rn.1

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Our observations, however, differ from those of Sano et al (2005) in positioning of male phasmids. Using light microscopy, the latter authors observed phasmids situated near the tail tip.…”

Section: Remarkscontrasting

confidence: 99%

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Morphological Redescription of Dirofilaria immitis

Furtado¹,

Melo²,

Giese³

et al. 2010

Journal of Parasitology

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Morphological descriptions of Dirofilaria immitis are scarce. For this reason, we carried out morphological studies using both light and scanning electron microscopy for this filaroid species. Morphometric and morphological data were compatible with previous descriptions of D. immitis , but several anatomical structures are described by scanning electron microscopy for the first time, such as details of the cuticular striations, positioning of amphids, visualization of anal and vulvar opening, descriptions of deirids, lateral line, the pair of phasmids in the posterior end in females, and visualization of a small pair of latero-terminal papillae in the posterior end in males.

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“…Our observations, however, differ from those of Sano et al (2005) in positioning of male phasmids. Using light microscopy, the latter authors observed phasmids situated near the tail tip.…”

Section: Remarkscontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Murata et al (2003) and Sano et al (2005) examined D. immitis from leopards and penguins in a Japanese zoo. They reported the presence of delicate longitudinal cuticular ridges along the entire length of the body using ordinary light microscopy.…”

Section: Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological Redescription of Dirofilaria immitis

Furtado¹,

Melo²,

Giese³

et al. 2010

Journal of Parasitology

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“…Indeed, there already is a considerable record of zoofocused mosquito study (e.g. Beier & Trpis,1981;Nolen, 2001; Derraik, 2004a,b;McGowan, 2004;Sano et al, 2005;Nelder, 2007;Adler et al, 2011;Ejiri et al, 2011;Tuten, 2011a;Tuten 2011b;Tuten et al, 2012). However, the potential of national, regional and global-level zoo networks to contribute to mosquito-monitoring efforts remains largely unutilized.…”

Section: Survelliance Potential Of Zoo and Wildlife-park Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A range of species has been recorded as succumbing to mosquito-transmitted pathogens in zoos and theme parks. Documented cases include African black-footed penguins Spheniscus demersus with avian malaria (Grim et al, 2004) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (Tuttle et al, 2005), Great gray owls Strix nebulosa with Usutu virus (Weissenböck et al, 2002), Humbolt penguins Spheiniscus humboldti with heartworms Dirofilaria immitis (Sano et al, 2005), and a Polar bear Ursus maritimus (Dutton et al, 2009) …”

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confidence: 99%

Project MOSI: rationale and pilot‐study results of an initiative to help protect zoo animals from mosquito‐transmitted pathogens and contribute data on mosquito spatio–temporal distribution change

Pastorino

Albertini

Carlsen

et al. 2015

International Zoo Yearbook

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Mosquito-borne pathogens pose major threats to both wildlife and human health and, largely as a result of unintentional human-aided dispersal of their vector species, their cumulative threat is on the rise. Anthropogenic climate change is expected to be an increasingly significant driver of mosquito dispersal and associated disease spread. The potential health implications of changes in the spatio-temporal distribution of mosquitoes highlight the importance of ongoing surveillance and, where necessary, vector control and other health-management measures. The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums initiative, Project MOSI, was established to help protect vulnerable wildlife species in zoological facilities from mosquito-transmitted pathogens by establishing a zoo-based network of fixed mosquito monitoring sites to assist wildlife health management and contribute data on mosquito spatio-temporal distribution changes. A pilot study for Project MOSI is described here, including project rationale and results that confirm the feasibility of conducting basic standardized year-round mosquito trapping and monitoring in a zoo environment.Key-words: attractants; climate change; monitoring; mosquitoes; Project MOSI; surveillance; spatio-temporal distribution; wildlife health; zoological networks. MOSQUITO-RELATED HEALTH ISSUES FOR ZOOS AND SIMILAR FACILITIESMosquitoes are the principal vectors of a wide range of diseases, including human and avian malaria, dengue, West Nile encephalitis and filariasis (Becker et al., 2010; Kilpatrick & Randolph, 2012; World Health Organization, 2013a). A range of species has been recorded as succumbing to mosquito-transmitted pathogens in zoos and theme parks. Documented cases include African black-footed penguins Spheniscus demersus with avian malaria (Grim et al., 2004) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (Tuttle et al., 2005), Great gray owls Strix nebulosa with Usutu virus (Weissenböck et al., 2002), Humbolt penguins Spheiniscus humboldti with heartworms Dirofilaria immitis (Sano et al., 2005), and a Polar bear Ursus maritimus (Dutton et al., 2009) and two OrcasOrcinus orca with West Nile virus infection (Jett & Ventre, 2013).Blood-feeding mosquitoes have the ability to track airborne chemicals produced by the vertebrate host to locate them in order to have a blood meal, which is essential for viable egg production in most species (Dekker & Cardé, 2011). The combination of odours varies amongst species and mosquitoes can be more or less attracted to them depending on their feeding preference, even if, at close range, proximity to the host is likely to be more important than species identity (Takken & Verhulst, 2013). Several mosquito species are true 'generalists' as far as host species preference is concerned.Understanding distribution, population abundance, activity periods and other behaviours of mosquito species helps optimize protection efforts for human, domestic-animal and wildlife 3 populations (Becker et al., 2010; World Health Organization, 2013a). Monitoring an...

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“…Pygoscelis adeliae, stomach, Ardley Island, peninsula Fildes, Rey Jorge Island, South Shetland, Antarctica (Fredes et al 2008) Pygoscelis papua, stomach, Ardley Island, peninsula Fildes, Rey Jorge Island, South Shetland, Antarctica (Fredes et al 2006 Aptenodytes patagonicus, oesophagus and stomach, Crozet Archipelago, Antarctica (Fonteneau et al 2011) Eudyptes chrysocome, proventriculus, Kerguelen Islands, Antarctica (Schmidt 1965) Pygoscelis papua, glandular stomach, King George Island, Antarctica (Diaz et al 2013) Family Onchocercidae (Leiper, 1911) Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856) Spheniscus humboldti, heart, Japan Zoo (Sano et al 2005 Spheniscus humboldti, nests, Peru (Hoogstraal et al 1985;Smith et al 2008) Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) capensis Neumann, 1901 Eudyptula minor, nests, coast of Victoria, Australia (Kohls 1957;Murray et al 1991) Spheniscus demersus, nests, islands off Cape Province, South Africa (Kohls 1957;Hoogstraal et al 1985) Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) spheniscus Hoogstraal, Wassef, Hays & Keirans, 1985 Spheniscus humboldti, resting area and caves inhabited by the species, Peru (Hoogstraal et al 1985); unspecified site of infection, Chile (González-Acuna et al 2008b) Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) yunkeri Spheniscus mendiculus, nest, Galapagos islands (Keirans 1984;Hoogstraal et al 1985, Dietrich et al 2010 Family Dermanyssidae Kolenati, 1859 Liponyssoides eudyptulae Fain & Holloway, 1993 Eudyptula minor, nest, New Zealand (Fain and Galloway 1993;Bishop and Heath 1998) Family Haemogamasidae Oudemans, 1939 Eulaelaps sp.…”

Section: Unidentified Anisakid Larvaementioning

confidence: 99%