The first report of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia in farmed rainbow trout, <i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i> (Walbaum), in the United Kingdom

Stone, David M.; Ferguson, H. W.; Tyson, P A; Savage, Jacqueline; Wood, Gareth; Dodge, M. J.; Woolford, G; Dixon, Peter; Feist, Stephen W.; Way, K.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.00951.x

Cited by 39 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…4 yr, before a previously endemically infected area is declared free of VHS. However, when an outbreak occurs as an isolated event, as is the case of the outbreak in the UK or in Norway (Stone et al 2008, Dale et al 2009), a surveillance period of 2 yr coupled with greater numbers of samples might be the most appropriate way to obtain disease-free status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two other isolates of German origin, Dfr195-05 and Dau170-04, cluster with Danish isolates of older origin, from 1998 and before, and because these isolates have not been seen in Denmark more recently, the data suggest that the transmission event is likely to have taken place prior to 1998. The VHS outbreak in the UK in 2006 is considered an isolated event as it is the only outbreak of the disease in freshwater farms in the UK (Stone et al 2008). The isolate causing the UK outbreak is very likely to have a Danish ancestor as it is located in the Ia-1 clade.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4) and that this subclade consists of 19 Danish, 4 German and 1 UK isolate. The UK isolate UK-J167 (Stone et al 2008) and the German isolate Dri01-06 were both isolated in 2006 and they are both most closely related to Danish VHSV isolates identical to DK-204054 (4 and 2 mutations difference, respectively; Table 1, Fig. 2), where the isolates may have escaped the routine surveillance program and survived without detection.…”

Section: Transmission Of Vhsv Strains From the Danish Environment To mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reverse transcription, amplification of the G-genes and sequencing was performed as described in Stone et al (2008).…”

Section: Rna Extraction Rt-pcr and Sequencingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

European freshwater VHSV genotype Ia isolates divide into two distinct subpopulations

Kahns¹,

Skall²,

Kaas³

et al. 2012

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS), caused by the novirhabdovirus VHSV, often leads to significant economic losses to European rainbow trout production. The virus isolates are divided into 4 distinct genotypes with additional subgroups including sublineage Ia, isolates of which are the main source of outbreaks in European rainbow trout farming. A significant portion of Danish rainbow trout farms have been considered endemically infected with VHSV since the first disease outbreak was observed in the 1950s. However, following a series of sanitary programs starting in 1965, VHSV has not been detected in Denmark since January 2009. Full-length Ggenes of all Danish VHSV isolates that were submitted for diagnostic analyses in the period 2004−2009 were sequenced and analysed. All 58 Danish isolates from rainbow trout grouped with sublineage Ia isolates. Furthermore, VHSV isolates from infected Danish freshwater catchments appear to have evolved into a distinct clade within sublineage Ia, herein designated clade Ia-1, whereas trout isolates originating from other continental European countries cluster in another distinct clade, designated clade Ia-2. In addition, phylogenetic analyses indicate that VHSV Ia-1 strains have caused a few outbreaks in Germany and the UK. It is likely that viruses have been transmitted from infected site(s) out of the Danish environment, although a direct transmission pathway has not been identified. Furthermore, VHSV Ia-2 isolates seem to have been transmitted to Denmark at least once. Interestingly, one viral isolate possibly persisted in a Danish watershed for nearly 4 yr without detection whereas other subclades of VHSV isolates appear to have been eliminated, probably because of implemented eradication procedures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Transmission Of Vhsv Strains From the Danish Environment To mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reverse transcription, amplification of the G-genes and sequencing was performed as described in Stone et al (2008).…”

Section: Rna Extraction Rt-pcr and Sequencingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

European freshwater VHSV genotype Ia isolates divide into two distinct subpopulations

Kahns¹,

Skall²,

Kaas³

et al. 2012

Dis. Aquat. Org.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Each group is endemic to specific geographic regions, with freshwater strains included in genotypes I and IV, and each appears to infect regional fish species (24). Genotype I is further divided into five sublineages (Ia to Ie), with the Ia strain being responsible for most outbreaks in European freshwater rainbow trout farms (20,23,25,26). Genotype IV viruses are further divided into three sublineages: IVa, IVb, and IVc (24).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Matrix (M) Protein in Suppressing Host Transcription

Qin

Weaver

Pore

et al. 2017

J Virol

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Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is a pathogenic fish rhabdovirus found in discrete locales throughout the Northern Hemisphere. VHSV infection of fish cells leads to upregulation of the host's virus detection response, but the virus quickly suppresses interferon (IFN) production and antiviral gene expression. By systematically screening each of the six VHSV structural and nonstructural genes, we identified matrix protein (M) as the virus' most potent antihost protein. Only M of VHSV genotype IV sublineage b (VHSV-IVb) suppressed mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and type I IFN-induced gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. M also suppressed the constitutively active simian virus 40 (SV40) promoter and globally decreased cellular RNA levels. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) studies illustrated that M inhibited RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) recruitment to gene promoters and decreased RNAP II C-terminal domain (CTD) Ser2 phosphorylation during VHSV infection. However, transcription directed by RNAP I to III was suppressed by M. To identify regions of functional importance, M proteins from a variety of VHSV strains were tested in cell-based transcriptional inhibition assays. M of a particular VHSV-Ia strain, F1, was significantly less potent than IVb M at inhibiting SV40/ luciferase (Luc) expression yet differed by just 4 amino acids. Mutation of D62 to alanine alone, or in combination with an E181-to-alanine mutation (D62A E181A), dramatically reduced the ability of IVb M to suppress host transcription. Introducing either M D62A or D62A E181A mutations into VHSV-IVb via reverse genetics resulted in viruses that replicated efficiently but exhibited less cytotoxicity and reduced antitranscriptional activities, implicating M as a primary regulator of cytopathicity and host transcriptional suppression.IMPORTANCE Viruses must suppress host antiviral responses to replicate and spread between hosts. In these studies, we identified the matrix protein of the deadly fish novirhabdovirus VHSV as a critical mediator of host suppression during infection. Our studies indicated that M alone could block cellular gene expression at very low expression levels. We identified several subtle mutations in M that were less potent at suppressing host transcription. When these mutations were engineered back into recombinant viruses, the resulting viruses replicated well but elicited less toxicity in infected cells and activated host innate immune responses more robustly. These data demonstrated that VHSV M plays an important role in mediating both virusinduced cell toxicity and viral replication. Our data suggest that its roles in these two processes can be separated to design effective attenuated viruses for vaccine candidates.

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Trout and Salmon Viruses

Plumb

Hanson

2010

Health Maintenance and Principal Microbial Diseases of Cultured Fishes

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The first report of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia in farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), in the United Kingdom

Cited by 39 publications

References 24 publications

European freshwater VHSV genotype Ia isolates divide into two distinct subpopulations

European freshwater VHSV genotype Ia isolates divide into two distinct subpopulations

Role of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Matrix (M) Protein in Suppressing Host Transcription

Trout and Salmon Viruses

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