The First Reported Case of Bullous Lichen Planus/Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Overlap Syndrome

Abstract

Agriculture is the mainstay between humans and the environment. The existence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), on the earth, is about 600 million years ago. The application of mycorrhizae as biofertilizer is in increasing trend. Mycorrhizae improve several agricultural practices like better nutrient cycling, improving crop yield, and remediation of toxic heavy metals from soil. There is much variation in arbuscular mycorrhizal association although 80% of the plant species are infected with mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizal dependency (MD) is defined as the degree to which a host plant is dependent on AMF to produce maximum growth or yield at a given level of soil fertility. Plant with high MD need to feed with a higher amount of carbon and lipid to the fungus than a plant with less MD. Mycorrhizae modify, maintain, and create habitat by directly and indirectly regulating biotic and abiotic environments. Mycorrhizae derived photosynthetically formed C for the growth and uptake, tolerance against abiotic stress such as drought, heavy metals, salinity as well as protecting from pathogen attack to host plant and preventing from erosion. Application of ZnO would have been the probable solution of mitigating drought.ZnO treatment decreased the adverse effects of drought stress in plants by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity and changing physiological parameters. Heat stress affects many processes in a variety of plants as water relations, nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, assimilate partitioning, respiration, growth, and reproduction, and induced oxidative damage. Foliar application of ZnSO4.7H2O effectively alleviated by enhancing Zn concentration, superoxide dismutase activity, chlorophyll content, Fv/Fm ratio, and photosystem II under heat stress. In maize, there is a substantial reduction of germination above 37oC. All the parameters recorded in wheat, namely, no of tillers, plant height, spike length, no of spikelets per spike, no of grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, biological yield, grain yield and harvesting index, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and protein content are significantly affected by the mycorrhizal application. Almost 25% of recommended dose of phosphate fertilizer could be saved as in Niger(Guizotia abyssinica)by inoculating Glomusmosseae. Zinc is a vital micronutrient for many plants but its excess can be calamitous.AMF contributes to plant Zn uptake but their role in the edible portion of the crop has not been studied yet. The mycorrhizal pathway of Zn uptake contributed up to 24.3% of the total above-ground Zn in wheat and up to 12% of that Zn in Barley. The greatest contribution by the mycorrhizal pathway was observed in Barley at the lowest Zn addition and in wheat at the .highest one. Besides the grain yield of bread wheat was increased by AMF.