The flow and composition of mammary‐gland lymph

Linzell, J. L.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1960.sp006551

Cited by 38 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…It is known that an increase in venous pressure occurs in the mammary veins, during lactation [cf. Linzell, 1959]. The question of whether any changes occurred in capillary permeability cannot be answered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They concluded that there were significant differences in the concentration of substances such as calcium, potassium and lactate when compared with published data for lymph collected from other regions of the body. Recently Linzell [1960] has reported his findings on the composition of mammary gland lymph obtained from conscious lactating goats and he suggested that the composition of the lymph obtained by Heyndrickx and Peeters may have been influenced by the period of anoxia which is unavoidable when lymph samples are collected from post-mortem material. 206 It was considered that comparisons between the composition of the plasma and lymph in lactating and non-lactating animals might provide a better indication of any specific changes which occur in the lymph in response to lactation.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Flow and Composition of Lymph From the Mammary Gland in Merino Sheep

Lascelles

Morris

1961

Exp Physiol

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An investigation has been made of the flow and composition of lymph collected from the mammary lymph duct of lactating and dry merino ewes. Lymph flowed at the rate of 20-40 ml./hr. in ewes in early lactation and 2-6 ml./hr. in dry ewes. The rate of lymph flow was highest in those ewes producing the most milk. Maximum rates of flow of 50-180 ml./hr. were recorded for short periods of time in lactating ewes when they were suckled or when they were milked. In lactating ewes, the mammary lymph ducts contributed up to 20-30 per cent of the total thoracic duct lymph flow and up to 10-20 per cent of the total thoracic duct lymphocyte output per day.In general, the composition of udder lymph resembled lymph collected from areas such as the head and neck and limbs. In lactating ewes there was a large plasma-lymph concentration gradient for both unesterified fatty acids and triglycerides and this suggested that these substances were being utilized by the mammary gland.Estimates have been made on the size of the interstitial fluid pool drained by the mammary lymph duct in lactating and dry ewes. Values of 100-220 ml. for ewes in early lactation and 20-60 ml. in dry ewes are reported. These findings are discussed in relation to the exchange of substances between the plasma and the mammary gland during the synthesis and secretion of milk.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

The Flow and Composition of Lymph From the Mammary Gland in Merino Sheep

Lascelles

Morris

1961

Exp Physiol

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“…Experiments were also carried out in goats in which indwelling catheters had been previously inserted into a pudic artery by the technique of Herd & Barger (1964), In one of these goats (Emma) a mammary lymphatic vessel was cannulated and all other mammary lymphatic vessels draining the gland were ligated (Linzell, 19606;Brown, Fleet, Hamon & Heap, 1983). Mammary lymph was collected continuously from the cannulated vessel.…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport of oestrone sulphate by the mammary gland in the goat

Heap¹,

Hamon²,

Fleet³

1984

Journal of Endocrinology

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During pregnancy in goats the concentration of endogenous oestrone sulphate in milk increased more than twofold, and that in arterial and mammary venous plasma 10- and 20-fold respectively. The concentration in milk was higher than that in arterial plasma, particularly in lactating goats during mid-gestation. This was partly related to mammary production of oestrone sulphate (or of a closely related steroid which cross-reacted in the radioimmunoassay) since in tracer infusion studies the specific activity of oestrone sulphate in milk was significantly lower than that in arterial or mammary venous plasma. It was also related to the existence of a mechanism within the gland which concentrates oestrone sulphate in milk since when infused close-arterially into the mammary gland of a non-pregnant goat with undetectable levels of the endogenous compound in the circulation, a concentration ratio of 7.4:1.0 was reached for oestrone sulphate in milk:arterial plasma. Tracer kinetic studies showed that mammary extraction of [3H]oestrone sulphate was variable (up to 41.3 +/- 30.6%, mean +/- S.E.M.). During intravenous or close-arterial infusion, radioactivity in arterial and mammary venous plasma at steady state was mainly in the form of [3H]oestrone sulphate (range, 64 +/- 10.6 to 80.2 +/- 5.9% of total radioactivity in plasma). The remainder was in the form of compounds chromatographically similar to oestradiol-17 beta-3-monosulphate, oestradiol-17 alpha-3-monosulphate and unconjugated oestrogens. The distribution of radioactivity between these different steriods was similar in arterial mammary venous plasma indicating a low level of selective mammary metabolism or extraction. The amount of labelled oestrone sulphate transferred into milk was low, and it was significantly less in pregnant (range, 0.11 +/- 0.07 to 0.27 +/- 0.16% of total infusate) than in non-pregnant animals (3.23 +/- 0.50%). Studies of the rate of transfer of [3H]oestrone sulphate from blood to milk indicated the presence of a transcellular route with peak activity in milk occurring about 110 min after the start of the infusion.

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“…Evidence for this is, (1) that more labelled plasma protein appears in milk from a gland that is hand milked as compared with the other gland of the same animal drained with a cannula, (2) frequent milking causes a large rise in milk cell count, (3) in some experiments, both the rise in Na and Cl and the fall in lactose and K concentrations could be accounted for by the assumption that 0-5-2*0 ml. of extracellular fluid (assumed to have the composition of goat mammary lymph, Linzell, 1960b), had mixed with the milk during removal. However, in most experiments this was not the case and some other explanation must be sought.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of very frequent milking and of oxytocin on the yield and composition of milk in fed and fasted goats

Linzell¹

1967

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. The effect of milking goats 1-4 times an hour for 3-12 hr on the yield and composition of milk has been studied in fed and fasted animals at all stages of lactation.2. It was essential to inject oxytocin (50-400 m-u. i.v.) just before each milking to remove all the milk already in the udder and then the yield was similar to that obtained on twice daily milking (105 + 2 1 S.E. %). There were no significant differences between goats or between the two glands of one goat, even if one had been denervated by autotransplantation. However, the variation from hour to hour was 1F5 times greater than from day to day.3. The claim of Zaks (1964) and Zaks, Natochin, Sokolova, Tanasichuk & Tverskoy (1965) that milking every 15 min always produces a large rise in milk Na and a fall in K and lactose, which is characteristic of alveolar milk, is not substantiated. In high yielding goats milking gently by hand or with a cannula caused a small change in K only, but vigorous hand milking exacerbated this fall and also caused a fall in lactose and a rise in Na and Cl. Still larger changes were produced by using excessively large doses of oxytocin (2500 m-u.) when there was also a rise in citrate and total nitrogen. Hourly milking in goats fasted for 24 hr had the same effect.4. In fasted goats the milk yield fell to 90 % within 8 hr and to 56 + 2 1 % of the previous level by 24 hr. It remained at this level for a further 10-12 hr on twice daily or on hourly milking. The yields of autotransplanted glands usually fell slightly but significantly more than that of the glands in situ. In most goats mammary blood flow was halved but in all animals there were large falls in mammary uptake of glucose, acetate and amino acids and greatly increased uptake of free fatty acids. There were significant differences between fasted goats on hourly milking.5. It is concluded that, in spite of changes in milk composition, milking hourly can be a useful technique for studying milk secretion. The striking effects of a short fast in a lactating animal are emphasized.

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The flow and composition of mammary‐gland lymph

Cited by 38 publications

References 11 publications

The Flow and Composition of Lymph From the Mammary Gland in Merino Sheep

The Flow and Composition of Lymph From the Mammary Gland in Merino Sheep

Transport of oestrone sulphate by the mammary gland in the goat

The effect of very frequent milking and of oxytocin on the yield and composition of milk in fed and fasted goats

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