The flow of endogenous nitrogen in the digestive tract of young pigs

Leibholz, Jane

doi:10.1079/bjn19820136

Cited by 32 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…However, in a recent literature review, the same authors [10] suggested that ENL are higher in young pigs and that the BW effect decreases rapidly as BW increases. This hypothesis is supported by data of ENL obtained on young animals: piglets weighing less than 10 kg and fed a N-free diet excrete from 3.5 to 4.6 g endogenous N·kg -1 DMI [11,12] whereas the average value for pigs weighing from 30 to 100 kg reaches only 1.7 g N·kg -1 DMI [13]. Apart of these higher ENL in piglets can be ascribed to a lower DMI.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 70%

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Effect of pig bodyweight on ileal amino acid endogenous losses after ingestion of a protein-free diet enriched in pea inner fibre isolates

Leterme

Thewis

2004

Reprod. Nutr. Dev.

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-The present study was conducted to evaluate whether bodyweight and the micronisation of dietary fibre affect the endogenous nitrogen and amino acid losses (ENL and EAAL) in pigs. The effect of the micronising process was tested by providing pigs with 90 g DM·kg -1 BW 0.75 of a N-free diet supplemented with isolated pea inner fibres, presented in native or micronised form and with a water-holding capacity of 12 and 4 g water·g -1 DM, respectively. ENL and EAAL were measured on pigs weighing 24, 62 and 105 kg. In all cases, daily ENL increased linearly (P < 0.05) with BW, for the majority of the AA and total N. As BW increased, daily ENL, total EAAL and the majority of EAAL increased linearly independently of micronisation (P < 0.05). When expressed per kg DMI, total EAAL and the majority of each EAA decreased curvilinearly and reached nadir at around 100 kg BW. For ENL expressed per kg DMI, micronisation resulted in a curvilinear decrease with increasing BW, as compared to a linear decrease for pigs fed the native pea fibre diet (non-micronised). Micronisation of pea inner fibres did not decrease ENL or EAAL daily, except for proline. When the losses were expressed as g·k -1 g DMI, micronisation did not decrease ENL but decreased (P < 0.05) endogenous losses for a majority of AA as well as for total AA. The results suggest that small pigs excrete more endogenous N per kg DMI than large pigs and that pea fibre micronisation reduces EAAL but not ENL when expressed per kg DMI. pig / endogenous loss / ileum / amino acid / nitrogen

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…Leibholz [11] and Wilson and Leibholz [12] fed young pigs (27 to 35-d old) a N-free diet and measured ileal ENL ranging from 3.5 to 4.6 g N·kg -1 DMI. However, the DMI was low (45 g DM·kg -1 BW 0.75 ·day).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of pig bodyweight on ileal amino acid endogenous losses after ingestion of a protein-free diet enriched in pea inner fibre isolates

Leterme

Thewis

2004

Reprod. Nutr. Dev.

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“…Leibholz (1982) found similar values for ileal ENL when either a casein-containing diet or a protein-free diet was fed to growing pigs (3.4 vs. 3.0 g kg -1 DMI, respectively). Fuller and Cadenhead (1991), on the other hand, observed lower ileal ENL in pigs fed a protein-free diet with added casein and crystalline amino acids as compared to pigs fed just the protein-free diet (4.3 vs 5.8 g d -1 , respectively).…”

Section: Ii41 Conventional Methods: Feeding Protein-free Diets Fementioning

confidence: 49%

Significance of endogenous gut nitrogen losses in the nutrition of growing pigs: A review

Nyachoti¹,

Lange²,

McBride³

et al. 1997

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

236

163

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Nyachoti, C. M., de Lange, C. F. M., McBride, B. W. and Schulze, H. 1997. Significance of endogenous gut nitrogen losses in the nutrition of growing pigs: A review. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 77: 149-163. During the past two decades endogenous gut N losses (ENL) at the distal ileum in the growing pig have received considerable attention in swine nutrition research. Estimates of ENL are important for determining true ileal N and amino acid digestibilities and for identifying means to improve the efficiency of N and energy utilization in growing pigs. Endogenous secretions originate from various sources including saliva, pancreatic secretions, bile, sloughed off epithelial cells, serum albumin and mucin. It has been estimated that 70 to 80% of endogenous N secretions are digested and re-absorbed. Therefore, ENL represents only a fraction of total endogenous N secreted into the gut. Increased ENL are likely associated with elevated rates of gut protein synthesis. This is bound to increase maintenance energy and amino acid requirements of pigs. Traditionally, ENL were determined by feeding protein-free diets or by the regression method. Various alternative techniques ( 15 N-isotope dilution technique, homoarginine technique, enzymatically hydrolysed casein method) are now available to estimate the ENL in pigs fed protein-containing diets. Each of these techniques has some limitations and all require different assumptions. Results obtained with these alternative techniques indicate that the net ENL losses are much higher and more variable than previously estimated, and that they are affected both by animal and dietary factors. Recent estimates of ENL losses vary between 1.8 and 8.3 g kg -1 dry matter intake. The main factors (feed intake, body weight, content of anti-nutritional factors, fibres and [digestible] protein) that affect ENL and approaches (plant breeding and selection, ingredient processing and use of exogenous enzymes) to reduce ENL are discussed in this review. In addition, the metabolic costs associated with ENL are estimated.

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“…Since the amount of dietary protein could also affect the endogenous nitrogen losses, the regression method also is not very accurate in determining endogenous nitrogen losses in animals fed protein-containing diets. Leibholz (1982) studied the endogenous nitrogen secretion in young pigs (4 weeks of age). She used the regression method to assess endogenous N losses with a feed based on milk protein.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endogenous N losses at the terminal ileum of young piglets fed diets based on four different protein sources

Makkink¹,

Heinz²,

Souffrant³

et al. 1997

J. Anim. Feed Sci.

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Fourteen piglets, initially weighing 8 kg, were each fitted with a Post Valve T-Caecum (PVTC) cannula and two catheters, one in a jugular vein and one in a carotid artery. Piglets received one of four experimental diets containing either skimmilk powder (SMP), soyabean meal (SBM), soya protein isolate (SI) or fish meal (FM) as the sole protein source; the crude protein content in the diets was from about 17 to 18.4% of DM. The diets were given in equal amounts at 12 h intervals. ,5 N-L-leucine was intravenously infused continuously at a rate of about 40 mg l5 N-L-leucine per kg body weight per day. Apparent and true faecal nitrogen (N) digestibilities were 94.0 and 97.3, 84.0 and 93.5, 90.8, and 98.1 and 89.1 and 96.4% for the SMP, the SBM, the SI and the FM diets, respectively. Daily endogenous faecal N losses were 315, 963, 715 and 697 mg and daily endogenous ileal N losses were 786, 1422, 1970 and 1558 mg for diets SMP, SBM, SI and FM, respectively. Apparent ileal nitrogen (N) digestibilities were 84.4, 76.5, 78.4 and 73.0%, true ileal N digestibilities were 92.7, 90.6, 98.4 and 89.3% for diets SMP, SBM, SI and FM, respectively. It was concluded that true N digestibilities were high for all four protein sources, both at the ileal and at the faecal level. Differences in apparent N digestibility were mainly caused by differences in endogenous N secretion.

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The flow of endogenous nitrogen in the digestive tract of young pigs

Cited by 32 publications

References 18 publications

Effect of pig bodyweight on ileal amino acid endogenous losses after ingestion of a protein-free diet enriched in pea inner fibre isolates

Effect of pig bodyweight on ileal amino acid endogenous losses after ingestion of a protein-free diet enriched in pea inner fibre isolates

Significance of endogenous gut nitrogen losses in the nutrition of growing pigs: A review

Endogenous N losses at the terminal ileum of young piglets fed diets based on four different protein sources

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