The Flow of Vanadium-Bearing Materials in Industry

Monakhov, I. N.; Khromov, S. V.; Chernousov, P. I.; Yusfin, Yu. S.

doi:10.1023/b:mell.0000048420.68839.2a

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…From these estimates, we calculate a current mobilization of about 410 × 10 9 g V/y by extraction of petroleum from Earth's crust, a value about threefold that estimated above. Using this second approach, we also estimate that this flux has approximately doubled over the past two decades, roughly consistent with the annual flux (165 × 10 9 g V/y) calculated by Monakhov et al (64) for the year 2000. The increasing V flux over this time is due to both the 1.5-fold increase in global oil production as well as the increasing proportion of high-V petroleum fuels in the mix.…”

Section: Significancesupporting

confidence: 89%

“…V is produced by mining of vanadiferous titanomagnetite ores, and extracted as a byproduct in the processing of iron ore, phosphates, and uranium. Data presented by Monakhov et al (64) suggest that the purposeful mining of V-bearing ores mobilized about 130 × 10 9 g V/y in 2000, with about 43% from virgin V ores and 56% produced as a byproduct. Analyses by the US Geological Survey show that world V production, primarily from mining, has more than doubled over the past two decades (from 34 × 10 9 g V/y in 1994 to 82 × 10 9 g V/y in 2014), with China, South Africa, and Russia as the major producers (67,68).…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Monakhov et al (64) estimated that the annual V flux to the atmosphere from petroleum combustion during the year 2000 was 113 × 10 9 g/y, which represented about 69% of the V contained in petroleum extracted from the ground (165 × 10 9 g V/y). Since then, global oil production has increased, and the V content in extracted petroleum may lie between 138 × 10 9 g V/y and 410 × 10 9 g V/y (see above).…”

Section: Sinks For V Mobilized From Earth's Crustmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global biogeochemical cycle of vanadium

Schlesinger

Klein

Vengosh

2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

199

126

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Synthesizing published data, we provide a quantitative summary of the global biogeochemical cycle of vanadium (V), including both human-derived and natural fluxes. Through mining of V ores (130 × 10 9 g V/y) and extraction and combustion of fossil fuels (600 × 10 9 g V/y), humans are the predominant force in the geochemical cycle of V at Earth's surface. Human emissions of V to the atmosphere are now likely to exceed background emissions by as much as a factor of 1.7, and, presumably, we have altered the deposition of V from the atmosphere by a similar amount. Excessive V in air and water has potential, but poorly documented, consequences for human health. Much of the atmospheric flux probably derives from emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels, but the magnitude of this flux depends on the type of fuel, with relatively low emissions from coal and higher contributions from heavy crude oils, tar sands bitumen, and petroleum coke. Increasing interest in petroleum derived from unconventional deposits is likely to lead to greater emissions of V to the atmosphere in the near future. Our analysis further suggests that the flux of V in rivers has been incremented by about 15% from human activities. Overall, the budget of dissolved V in the oceans is remarkably well balanced-with about 40 × 10 9 g V/y to 50 × 10 9 g V/y inputs and outputs, and a mean residence time for dissolved V in seawater of about 130,000 y with respect to inputs from rivers.vanadium | petroleum | geochemical cycle | aerosols | rock weathering V anadium (V) occurs in a wide range of earth materials and is a relatively abundant trace metal, with an average concentration in the upper continental crust (97 mg/kg) more than double those of nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu) (1). In modern society, the majority of V is used to improve the strength and corrosion resistance of steel; it is also of increasing strategic and technological interest as a specialty metal in electronics and batteries. V is an essential trace element in prokaryotic biochemistry, where it is found as an alternative to molybdenum in the molecular structure of nitrogenase, the enzyme of N fixation (2-4). It also appears in the structure of enzymes in the marine algae responsible for the formation of bromoform (5) and methyl bromide (6), which contributes to the depletion of stratospheric ozone. Whether V is an essential trace element in higher plants and animals is unknown (7), with some evidence favoring an essential role in at least some higher organisms (e.g., refs. 8 and 9). Higher plants accumulate about 1 mg/kg in their tissues (10).The mean concentration of V in the continental crust is about 97 mg/kg (1, 11), and ∼20 × 10 9 g V/y enters biogeochemical cycles at Earth's surface through chemical weathering (12). V, which can exist in three common oxidation states, is largely found as the vanadate ion (H 2 VO 4 − ) in natural oxidized waters of near-neutral pH. The dissolved concentration in river water is about 0.7 μg/L, less than half of the concentration of ∼1.8 μg/L in seawa...

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Section: Significancesupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sinks For V Mobilized From Earth's Crustmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Global biogeochemical cycle of vanadium

Schlesinger

Klein

Vengosh

2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

199

126

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“…For the traditional vanadium extraction method, the vanadium would be oxidized to V 2 O 5 and transmitted into liquid slag in converter steelmaking process. [1][2][3] However, there would be an optional oxidation process between vanadium and carbon. Therefore, both the thermodynamic and dynamic conditions should be analyzed to suppress the carbon-oxygen reaction for increasing the vanadium extraction rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Side-blowing Arrangement on Flow Field and Vanadium Extraction Rate in Converter Steelmaking Process

et al. 2018

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To improve the vanadium extraction rate, the iron ore powder was used to be injected into the molten bath by side-blowing. Both simulation numerical and water experiment model for analyzing the behaviors of molten bath flow field had been developed to investigate the mixing time, velocity profile and dead-zone volume of molten steel under various injection arrangements and gas flow rates. The result showed that the mixing time would reduce, with increasing the distance between side-blowing nozzle and molten bathe surface. Moreover, although the kinetic energy would be removed by the mutual influenced between bottom-blow bubbles and the side-blowing jet at a certain content, the stirring effect of molten bath is still improved by the side-blowing jet. Based on the result of simulation, an injection arrangement was used in the 150 t vanadium extraction converter. Based on the results, the vanadium content of semi-steel and T. Fe in the slag with side-blowing arrangement is 0.033% and 34.1%, respectively. And the vanadium content of semi-steel and T. Fe in the slag with side-blowing arrangement is 0.044% and 32.1%, respectively.

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“…[2][3][4] This approach is called the 'V-enrichment selectivity' route. 5 The idea is to concentrate vanadium into a couple of stable phases in the LD-slag by simple treatment followed by phase separation using mineral processing techniques.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrating of vanadium oxide in vanadium rich phase(s) by addition of SiO₂in converter slag

Dong¹,

Ye²,

Sichen³

2007

Ironmaking & Steelmaking

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The focus of the present work was to examine whether vanadium rich phase(s) could be obtained in converter slags having high V 2 O 5 contents. Slags from SSAB Oxelö sund, Sweden and Ma Steel, China were studied. Despite of the composition difference, slags from both industries were found to contain essentially the same phases after heat treatment. No vanadium rich phase could be obtained by only heat treatment of the slag. The addition of 12 mass%SiO 2 changed substantially the phase relationships in the slags. Two vanadium rich phases were detected in the slag samples with SiO 2 addition. One of the phases was expected to be a solid solution of 3CaO.V 2 O 5 and 3CaO.P 2 O 5 with ,3 mass%SiO 2 dissolved. The other vanadium rich phase had high SiO 2 content. About 67-68 mass% vanadium was captured by the vanadium rich phase(s) after the treatment. The present finding would open up new opportunities for recovery of vanadium from converter slags. IntroductionSome iron ores contain vanadium oxide. In the blast furnace, vanadium is extracted along with iron under a reducing atmosphere. Most of the vanadium in the hot metal is removed by oxidation in the converter, leading to considerably higher content of vanadium oxide in the converter slag. For the steel plant at SSAB Oxelö sund, an iron ore with y0 . 2%V 2 O 5 is used and y50% of their LD-slag is recycled back to the blast furnace resulting in a V content of y0 . 3% in the hot metal. The V 2 O 5 content in the converter slag is as high as 5 mass%. 1 The slag mountain at Ma Steel, China has also very high vanadium concentration, .3 mass%. While this level of vanadium content is not high enough for economic recovery, it prevents the slag from being used as a secondary raw material. The increasing amount of vanadium bearing slag is also a potential threat to this environment. Although there is no international standard for vanadium level in soil and water, the Swedish authorities have forbidden the use of LD-slag for agriculture and other applications owing to its high vanadium content.In order to recover vanadium from the converter slag economically, it is desirable to further increase the V content in the slag before a potential recovery process. 2-4 This approach is called the 'V-enrichment selectivity' route. 5 The idea is to concentrate vanadium into a couple of stable phases in the LD-slag by simple treatment followed by phase separation using mineral processing techniques. 6 At least two phases, namely dicalcium silicate and dicalcium ferrite, have been found to contain a certain amount of vanadium in crystallised converter slag. 7-9 However, the contents of vanadium in these mineral phases are still not high enough for vanadium recovery.It has been found in a parallel study 10 that 3CaO.V 2 O 5 and 3CaO.P 2 O 5 form a solid solution at y200 K lower than steel making temperatures. The solid solution of 3CaO.V 2 O 5 and 3CaO.P 2 O 5 would contain high percentage of vanadium oxide, which facilitates vanadium extraction. The focus of the present work is to examine...

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The Flow of Vanadium-Bearing Materials in Industry

Cited by 24 publications

References 0 publications

Global biogeochemical cycle of vanadium

Global biogeochemical cycle of vanadium

Effect of Side-blowing Arrangement on Flow Field and Vanadium Extraction Rate in Converter Steelmaking Process

Concentrating of vanadium oxide in vanadium rich phase(s) by addition of SiO₂in converter slag

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The Flow of Vanadium-Bearing Materials in Industry

Cited by 24 publications

References 0 publications

Global biogeochemical cycle of vanadium

Global biogeochemical cycle of vanadium

Effect of Side-blowing Arrangement on Flow Field and Vanadium Extraction Rate in Converter Steelmaking Process

Concentrating of vanadium oxide in vanadium rich phase(s) by addition of SiO2in converter slag

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Concentrating of vanadium oxide in vanadium rich phase(s) by addition of SiO₂in converter slag