The fluorescent detection of &lt;i&gt;Paradiplozoon&lt;/i&gt; sp. (Monogenea: Diplozoidae) attachment clamps' sclerites and integumental proteins : research communication

Milne, Simon John; Avenant‐Oldewage, Annemariè

doi:10.4102/ojvr.v73i2.161

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…sclerites were composed of chitin [55]; however, later work showed that the sclerites of D. paradoxum from the same family consisted of a resilin-like protein [32]. More recently, studies on the chemical composition of monogenean clamps have shown that they are formed of scleroproteins, probably stabilized by tyrosyl residues in dityrosine [29, 56].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An ultrastructural study of the surface and attachment structures of Paradiplozoon homoion (Bychowsky & Nagibina, 1959) (Monogenea: Diplozoidae)

et al. 2017

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BackgroundSpecies of Diplozoon Palombi, 1949 (Monogenea: Diplozoidae) are blood-feeding ectoparasites mainly parasitising the gills of cyprinid fishes. Although these parasites have been the subject of numerous taxonomic, phylogenetic and ecological studies, the ultrastructure of the surface and haptor attachment structures remains almost unknown. In this study, we used transmission electron microscopy to examine the ultrastructure of attachment clamps and neodermal surface of Paradiplozoon homoion (Bychowsky & Nagibina, 1959), family Diplozoidae Palombi, 1949, thereby broadening our knowledge of platyhelminth biology.ResultsThe hindbody surface of P. homoion is distinctly ridged, each ridge being supported by several muscle fibers and equipped with scales on the surface plasma membrane. Such structures have not been recorded previously in species of the family Diplozoidae. Comparisons of the surface structure of different body parts revealed slight differences in the thickness and number of organelles. Each of the clamps has a flattened bowl-like structure composed of sclerites, movable skeletal-like structures that are anchored by robust, radially oriented muscle bundles. The base of the posterior median plate sclerites is equipped with glandular cells possessing secretory vesicles.ConclusionThis study brings detailed ultrastructural data for the surface and haptoral attachment clamps of P. homoion and provides new insights into the ultrastructure of Diplozoidae. Glandular cells at the base of the attachment clamps responsible for sclerite development in diplozoid species were observed for the first time. Our findings support the hypothesis that the structure of particular neodermal compartments is similar within the Platyhelminthes. On the other hand, the diplozoid glandular system and the mechanism of sclerite development clearly merits further attention.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An ultrastructural study of the surface and attachment structures of Paradiplozoon homoion (Bychowsky & Nagibina, 1959) (Monogenea: Diplozoidae)

et al. 2017

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“…Lyons [59] and Shinn et al [60] suggested that the sclerotized haptoral elements of gyrodactylids are composed of keratin–like proteins. Regarding the protein composition of the sclerites of diplozoids, two studies have suggested that these structures are composed of either chitin [61] or resilin–like proteins [62], which is similar to the composition of arthropod exoskeletons. Terrestrial and marine marcoinvertebrates have been shown to incorporate elements into their exoskeletons as a means of detoxification [63–65] and structural support [53–56].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace element and metal sequestration in vitellaria and sclerites, and reactive oxygen intermediates in a freshwater monogenean, Paradiplozoon ichthyoxanthon

Gilbert

Avenant‐Oldewage

2017

PLoS ONE

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Exposure to metals and other trace elements negatively affects infection dynamics of monogeneans, including diplozoids, but, physiological mechanisms linked to exposure have yet to be documented. In this study sequestration of trace elements and reactive oxygen intermediate production in the monogenean, Paradiplozoon ichthyoxanthon, was demonstrated. During dissection of host fish, Labeobarbus aeneus, the gills were excised and assessed for P. ichthyoxanthon, which were removed and frozen for fluorescence microscopy or fixed for transmission electron microscopy. Trace elements were sequestered in the vitellaria and sclerites in P. ichthyoxanthon, and the presence of reactive oxygen intermediates was observed predominantly in the tegument of the parasite. Trace elements and metals identified and ranked according to weight percentages (wt%) in the vitellaria were Cu > C > Au > O > Cr > Fe > Si while for the sclerites C > Cu > O > Au > Fe > Cr > Si were identified. For most element detected, readings were higher in the vitellaria than the sclerites, except for C and O which were higher in sclerites. Specifically for metals, all levels detected in the vitellaria were greater than in sclerites. Based on the proportion of trace elements present in the vitellaria and sclerites it appears that most trace elements including metals were sequestered in the vitellaria. The results of reactive oxygen intermediate production in the tegument of the parasite suggests either trace element accumulation takes place across the tegument or results from the action of the host’s immune response on the parasite. The results serve as the first demonstration of trace element sequestration and reactive oxygen intermediates in a freshwater monogenean parasite.

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“…Various papers have addressed the influence of methods on the measurements of specimens (Bakke 1988;Criscione and Font 2001;Fagerholm 1979;Fagerholm and Lövdahl 1984;Justine 2005Justine , 2007 or the processing of monogenean sclerites (García-Vásquez et al 2011;Kritsky et al 1978;Maillard et al 1982;Malmberg 1957;McDougal and Mizelle 1969;Milne and Avenant-Oldewage 2006;Mo and Appleby 1990;Shinn et al 1993;Richards and Chubb 1995;Rohde 1987). The interest in describing new methods is still alive and many recently published works address specific parasites or methods (Albuquerque et al 2009;Bruno et al 2006;Cribb et al 2004;Deveney and Whittington 2001;Galli et al 2006;Galli et al 2007;Parker et al 2010;Snyder and Clopton 2005;Wong et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

A quick and simple method, usable in the field, for collecting parasites in suitable condition for both morphological and molecular studies

2012

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Many methods have been proposed for collecting and fixing parasites, but most were written before the molecular age, and were intended to be practised by experienced parasitologists in well-equipped laboratories. We describe here a very simple method, illustrated by photographs, for collecting helminths from the digestive tract of vertebrates. It only requires a few plastic vials, some ethanol and a means to heat water. Basically, the method consists of: (a) the extraction of all organs from the abdominal cavity; (b) opening the digestive system longitudinally; (c) agitate gut and contents in a saline solution (i.e. ca. 9% NaCl or 1/4 sea water in tap water); (d) decant in saline as many times as needed to clean contents; (e) immediately fix parasites in near-boiling saline; (f) discard saline and keep specimens in 95% ethanol. Additional information is given for collecting parasites from fish gills with a similar process. The method will collect most helminths (digeneans, larval cestodes, nematodes, acanthocephalans) from the digestive tract, and monogeneans and isopod and copepod crustaceans from fish gills. The specimens will be suitable for both morphological study and DNA sequencing. The method is simple, fast, inexpensive and can be used by untrained personnel, even in the field without electricity and without a binocular microscope. It can also be used by trained parasitologists who need to expedite treatment of abundant samples.

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The fluorescent detection of <i>Paradiplozoon</i> sp. (Monogenea: Diplozoidae) attachment clamps' sclerites and integumental proteins : research communication

Cited by 13 publications

References 6 publications

An ultrastructural study of the surface and attachment structures of Paradiplozoon homoion (Bychowsky & Nagibina, 1959) (Monogenea: Diplozoidae)

An ultrastructural study of the surface and attachment structures of Paradiplozoon homoion (Bychowsky & Nagibina, 1959) (Monogenea: Diplozoidae)

Trace element and metal sequestration in vitellaria and sclerites, and reactive oxygen intermediates in a freshwater monogenean, Paradiplozoon ichthyoxanthon

A quick and simple method, usable in the field, for collecting parasites in suitable condition for both morphological and molecular studies

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