This systematic review investigates whether the release of calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ions significantly affect bioactivity properties to allow for further intervention in modified GIC powder manufacture and increase remineralization properties under in vitro conditions. Researchers have explored modifying dental materials with Ca and phosphate-based chemical compounds to promote the release of Ca, P and F ions [21][22][23][24][25] . Skrtic et al. 23) found that incorporating a Ca phosphate-based compound can potentially remineralize carious enamel lesions. Assessing the addition of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) to GICs, Mazzaoui et al. and Al Zraikat et al. found that modifying 3% or 5% of CPP-ACP leads to significantly decreased F release, but increased Ca and P ion release 21,22) .Another study showed that modifying 1.56% (w/w) CPP-ACP into a GIC increases mechanical properties and releases Ca, P and F ions 22) . Modifying GIC with nanohydroxyapatite, a biologically active Ca, P mineral, resulted in positive enhancements in mechanical characteristics, antibacterial properties, ion release, and reduction of microleakage and cytotoxicity 26) . Replacing CaO and CaF2 in GIC with strontium substitutions (SrO and SrF2) increased radiopacity and F ion release 25) .Nonetheless, according to other definitions that prioritize the ability of materials to promote remineralization, GIC is not commonly considered bioactive. These definitions that characterize a substance as bioactive indicate that it has the ability to generate a material layer, like apatite, which is intrinsic and compatible with the human body [27][28][29][30] . Regarding this topic, materials are generally considered bioactive if