The flux of dimethylsulfide from the oceans to the atmosphere

Barnard, W. Robert; Andreae, Meinrat O.; Watkins, W. E.; Bingemer, Heinz; Georgii, H.‐W.

doi:10.1029/jc087ic11p08787

Cited by 231 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The best approximation of this is achieved by stripping DMS from the sample air flow. Adsorption on gold has been used as a DMS sampling technique for many years (Barnard et al, 1982). Adapting this approach for blank measurements, we now use a 150 cm 3 stainless steel cylinder (Swagelok 304L-HDF4-150) filled with gold-coated glass beads (3 mm Pyrex).…”

Section: Backgrounds and Detection Limitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first analytical methods developed for DMS involved trapping the gas on adsorbents or with cryogens, followed by gas chromatography (GC) and sulfur-selective detection with a flame photometric detector (FPD) or sulfur chemiluminescent detector (SCD) (e.g., Barnard et al, 1982;Gregory et al, 1993;Ferek and Hegg, 1993;Bates et al, 2000). These methods are still widely used for studies of DMS and DMS-precursors in seawater (e.g., Kiene and Service, 1991;Kieber et al, 1996;Bates et al, 1994;Archer et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determining the sea-air flux of dimethylsulfide by eddy correlation using mass spectrometry

et al. 2010

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Abstract. Mass spectrometric measurement of DMS by atmospheric pressure ionization with an isotopically labeled standard (APIMS-ILS) is a sensitive method with sufficient bandpass for direct flux measurements by eddy correlation. Use of an isotopically labeled internal standard greatly reduces instrumental drift, improving accuracy and precision. APIMS-ILS has been used in several recent campaigns to study ocean-atmosphere gas transfer and the chemical budget of DMS in the marine boundary layer. This paper provides a comprehensive description of the method and errors associated with DMS flux measurement from ship platforms. The APIMS-ILS instrument used by most groups today has a sensitivity of 100-200 counts s −1 pptv −1 , which is shown to be more than sufficient for flux measurement by eddy covariance. Mass spectral backgrounds (blanks) are determined by stripping DMS from ambient air with gold. The instrument is found to exhibit some high frequency signal loss, with a half-power frequency of ≈1 Hz, but a correction based on an empirically determined instrument response function is presented. Standard micrometeorological assumptions of steady state and horizontal uniformity are found to be appropriate for DMS flux measurement, but rapid changes in mean DMS mixing ratio may serve as a warning that measured flux does not represent the true surface flux. In addition, bias in surface flux estimates arising from the flux divergence is not generally significant in the surface layer, but under conditions of lowered inversion and high flux may become so. The effects of error in motion corrections and of vertical motion within the surface layer concentration gradient are discussed and the estimated maximum error from these effects is ≤18%.

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Section: Backgrounds and Detection Limitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the sea-air flux of dimethylsulfide by eddy correlation using mass spectrometry

et al. 2010

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“…There are currently insufficient data available from previous GBR DMS a field studies to environmentally assess that recent chamber observation. The few previous field studies that have measured DMS a over the GBR (Broadbent and Jones, 2006;Jones and Trevena, 2005) employed gold-wool chemi-adsorption (Barnard et al, 1982;Kittler et al, 1992), a low-frequency grab-sampling technique. While the investigators of those previous field studies reported that the GBR appears to be a significant source of DMS a , their low-frequency sampling technique did not provide sufficient data to characterise coral reef DMS emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coral reef origins of atmospheric dimethylsulfide at Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Atmospheric dimethylsulfide (DMS a ), continually derived from the world's oceans, is a feed gas for the tropospheric production of new sulfate particles, leading to cloud condensation nuclei that influence the formation and properties of marine clouds and ultimately the Earth's radiation budget. Previous studies on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia, have indicated coral reefs are significant sessile sources of DMS a capable of enhancing the tropospheric DMS a burden mainly derived from phytoplankton in the surface ocean; however, specific environmental evidence of coral reef DMS emissions and their characteristics is lacking. By using on-site automated continuous analysis of DMS a and meteorological parameters at Heron Island in the southern GBR, we show that the coral reef was the source of occasional spikes of DMS a identified above the oceanic DMS a background signal. In most instances, these DMS a spikes were detected at low tide under low wind speeds, indicating they originated from the lagoonal platform reef surrounding the island, although evidence of longer-range transport of DMS a from a 70 km stretch of coral reefs in the southern GBR was also observed. The most intense DMS a spike occurred in the winter dry season at low tide when convective precipitation fell onto the aerially exposed platform reef. This co-occurrence of events appeared to biologically shock the coral resulting in a seasonally aberrant extreme DMS a spike concentration of 45.9 nmol m −3 (1122 ppt). Seasonal DMS emission fluxes for the 2012 wet season and 2013 dry season campaigns at Heron Island were 5.0 and 1.4 µmol m −2 day −1 , respectively, of which the coral reef was estimated to contribute 4 % during the wet season and 14 % during the dry season to the dominant oceanic flux.

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“…Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is known to be a by-product of biological processes involving marine phytoplankton [Barnard et al, 1982;Dacey and Wakeham, 1986;Keller et al, 1989]. Emissions of DMS have been estimated to be around 60% of the total natural sulfur gas released to the atmosphere [e.g., Andreae and Raemdonck, 1983; Bates et al, 1992; Berresheim et al, 1995].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mass‐balance/photochemical assessment of DMS sea‐to‐air flux as inferred from NASA GTE PEM‐West A and B observations

Chen¹,

Davis²,

Kasibhatla³

et al. 1999

J. Geophys. Res.

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Abstract. This study reports dimethyl sulfide (DMS) sea-to-air fluxes derived from a mass-balance/photochemical-modeling approach. The region investigated was the western North Pacific covering the latitude range of 0ø-30øN. Two NASA airborne databases were used in this study: PEM-West A in September-October 1991 and PEM-West B in February-March 1994. A total of 35 boundary layer (BL) sampling runs were recorded between the two programs. However, after filtering these data for pollution impacts and DMS lifetime considerations, this total was reduced to 13. Input for each analysis consisted of atmospheric DMS measurements, the equivalent mixing depth (EMD) for DMS, and model estimated values for OH and NO3. The evaluation of the EMD took into account both DMS within the BL as well as that transported into the overlying atmospheric buffer layer (BuL). DMS fluxes ranged from 0.6 to 3.0/•mol m -2 d -• for PEM-West A (10 sample runs) and 1.4 to 1.9/•mol m -2 d '• for PEM-West B (3 sample runs). Sensitivity analyses showed that the photochemically evaluated DMS flux was most influenced by the DMS vertical profile and the diel profile for OH. A propagation of error analysis revealed that the uncertainty associated with individual flux determinations ranged from a factor of 1.3 to 1.5. Also assessed were potential systematic errors. The first of these relates to our noninclusion of large-scale mean vertical motion as it might appear in the form of atmospheric subsidence or as a convergence. Our estimates here would place this error in the range of 0 to 30%. By far the largest systematic error is that associated with stochastic events (e.g., those involving major changes in cloud coverage). In the latter case, sensitivity tests suggested that the error could be as high as a factor of 2. With improvements in such areas as BL sampling time, direct observations of OH, improved DMS vertical profiling, direct assessment of vertical velocity in the field, and preflight (24 hours) detailed meteorological data, it appears that the uncertainty in this approach could be reduced to + 25%.

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The flux of dimethylsulfide from the oceans to the atmosphere

Cited by 231 publications

References 20 publications

Determining the sea-air flux of dimethylsulfide by eddy correlation using mass spectrometry

Determining the sea-air flux of dimethylsulfide by eddy correlation using mass spectrometry

Coral reef origins of atmospheric dimethylsulfide at Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia

A mass‐balance/photochemical assessment of DMS sea‐to‐air flux as inferred from NASA GTE PEM‐West A and B observations

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