“…forests are thought to be maintained by fire (e.g., Bowles et al, 1994;Kilburn, 1959;Leitner et al, 1991), and fire suppression following European settlement has resulted in the replacement of oaks by shade-tolerant mesophytic tree species such as sugar maple (Acer saccharum L.) (e.g., Abrams, 1992;McIntosh, 1957;Schlesinger, 1976). Ground layer vegetation comprises most of the plant species in oak forests (Roberts, 2004;Whigham, 2004), and fire has been reported to help maintain its diversity (Bowles et al, 2000;Wilhelm, 1991).…”