The Form of the City

Lynch, Kevin

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-1089-1_4

Cited by 104 publications

(146 citation statements)

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“…Recent studies have examined the spatial heterogeneity of urban landscapes, the dynamics of urban landscape patterns, and the effect of spatial heterogeneity on energy flow across the landscapes (Pickett et al 1997). Other researchers have studied the influences of urban landscape patterns on urban and suburban ecosystems (Lynch 1981;Jenks et al 1996). Despite the increasing interest in urban ecology studies, several critical areas remain poorly understood, such as the interactions between urban development and ecosystem dynamics, the effects of urban landscape patterns on the distribution of energy and organisms in the urban ecosystems, and the strategies for reducing urban ecological impacts (Alberti and Marzluff 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the effects of land use and land cover patterns on thermal conditions using landscape metrics in city of Indianapolis, United States

2007

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Direct applications of remote sensing thermal infrared (TIR) data in landscape ecological research are rare due to limitations in the sensors, calibration, and difficulty in interpretation. Currently there is a general lack of methodology for examining the relationship between land surface temperatures (LST) derived from TIR data and landscape patterns extracted from optical sensors. A separation of landscapes into values directly related to their scale and signature is a key step. In this study, a Landsat ETM+ image of Indianapolis, Unites States, acquired on June 22, 2000, was spectrally unmixed (using spectral mixture analysis, SMA) into fraction endmembers of green vegetation, soil, high albedo, and low albedo. Impervious surface was then computed from the high and low albedo images. A hybrid classification procedure was developed to classify the fraction images into seven land use and land cover (LULC) classes. Using the fractional images, the landscape composition and pattern were examined. Next, pixel-based LST measurements were correlated with the landscape fractional components to investigate LULC based relationships between LST and impervious surface and green vegetation fractions. An examination of the relationship between the LULC and LST maps with landscape metrics was finally conducted to deepen understanding of their interactions. Results indicate that SMA-derived fraction images were effective for quantifying the urban morphology and for providing reliable measurements of biophysical variables. LST was found to be positively correlated with impervious surface fraction but negatively correlated with green vegetation fraction. Each temperature zone was associated with a dominant LULC category. Further research should be directed to the theoretical and applied implications of describing such relationships between LULC patterns and urban thermal conditions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the effects of land use and land cover patterns on thermal conditions using landscape metrics in city of Indianapolis, United States

2007

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“…In addition, if a degree of self-sufficiency is aimed at in smallscale plans then they will be less dependent on the success of other developments in the vicinity. This resonates with the New Urbanist idea of mixeduse neighbourhoods providing local facilities (Talen, 2013), and with Marshall Second, incremental development strategies could provide a useful way to support coevolution and involve evaluating former steps to enhance those that follow (see also Lynch, 1981;Greenberg, 2009). Related to the first principle, this strategy would involve designing development plans that take account of and build upon successful development paths -'steady-state' in CAS terms.…”

Section: Practical Design Principles For Flexible Development Plansmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…This approach provides a response to the challenge identified by Marshall (2009) of sticking to old forms and formats for the sake of it and should result in sufficient flexibility for actors to reshape their environment to suit their needs (Lynch 1981). We propose a set of basic, general and often qualitative rules defined within a development plan to guide development, for example 'mixed use' or 'energy neutral'.…”

Section: ! 17!mentioning

confidence: 99%

How to Make Development Plans Suitable for Volatile Contexts

Rauws¹,

Cook

Dijk

2014

Planning Practice & Research

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Development plans are central tools in spatial planning practice. They create a vision of how places should develop and prescribe how desired patterns of development will be realized. However, development plans are increasingly regarded as inflexible and even rigid when confronted by changes in their context. Conceptualizing urban districts in terms of Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS), this paper identifies ways in which more flexible development plans can be designed. This is investigated through a case study of a development plan for Blauwestad in the Netherlands, which enabled sources of rigidity to be analysed.The paper concludes with the view that from a CAS perspective, development plans are part of the structures necessary to facilitate self-organization and if designed with certain principles in mind, can play a key role in assisting the endogenous evolution of spatial developments.

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“…The subtle urban form of S. Kostof, recognizes the spatial grid in shaping parcelled block characteristics throughout history [54]. Basically K. Lynch, classifies the city form into three models of cosmic holiness, practical machinery or bioorganic morphology [33], which in any case is mentally imaged through the skeletal elements of paths, districts, edges, landmarks and nodes [34]. In an antimodernist tone, A. Rossi, defines the urban artefact as the autonomous structure of historical analogue [48].…”

Section: Methodological Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodological Approach of Integrating Voronoi Diagram into Space Syntax

Essam¹

2015

Third International Conference on Advances in Applied Science and Environmental Technology - ASET 2015

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Abstract-Common property of convex space in Voronoi Diagram and Space Syntax prospects their hybrid merge into one interdisciplinary method of cognitive structure. The theoretical review observes both methods under the same condition of spatial convexity with different spatial structure. The essence of space syntax develops its origin of invisible spatial logic into visibility and architectonic conceptions of virtual reality. On the other, the voronoi diagram determines the spatiotemporal automation of all generative space. Supposing the swap of either 'convex hull' shifts the cognitive structure of space into a new empirical realm of 'voronoi-syntax' through their merged tool-box of spatial analyses. Thus, apply universally on multidimensional digits of future space.

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The Form of the City

Cited by 104 publications

References 0 publications

Assessing the effects of land use and land cover patterns on thermal conditions using landscape metrics in city of Indianapolis, United States

Assessing the effects of land use and land cover patterns on thermal conditions using landscape metrics in city of Indianapolis, United States

How to Make Development Plans Suitable for Volatile Contexts

Methodological Approach of Integrating Voronoi Diagram into Space Syntax

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