The formation and structures of cystites of Arthrobacter ureafaciens NRIC 0157T induced by antibiotics.

Abstract

The cystite formation of Arthrobacter ureafaciens NRIC 0157 T was induced by some antibiotics, and the addition of tetracycline at a lag phase was effective for cystite formation in YPM liquid medium. Cystites differed from vegetative cells in the cell wall structure, protein content, and water content. Furthermore, the characteristics and structures of cystites induced by tetracycline were similar to those of cystites produced by nutritional imbalance in CT medium. Consequently, various triggers would induce cystite formation. It is interesting that cystite formation was found in part of the Arthrobacter strains and seemed to correlate with the type of peptidoglycan.Key Words--Arthrobacter; Arthrobacter ureafaciens; cell wall; cystites J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 47, 85-97 (2001) * Address reprint requests to: Dr. Naoto Tanaka, Laboratory of General and Applied Microbiology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan. E-mail: QWP07736@nifty.ne.jp T : Indicates the type strain of a species. Full PaperThis paper deals with the effect of antibiotics on the cystite formation of A. ureafaciens NRIC 0157T and the structures of cell walls and the intracellular structures of cystites and vegetative cells. A correlation between the imbalance growth and the cystite formation of A. ureafaciens NRIC 0157 T is discussed. Materials and MethodsBacterial strains. The following strains were used in this study: (Tanaka et al., 2000), and was composed of 1.0% beef extract (Difco Laboratories), 1.0% peptone (Mikuni Kagaku Sangyo Ltd.), 0.5% NaCl, and 1.5% agar. The pH was adjusted to 7.0 with NaOH.Cultivation. Strains were aerobically precultured in YPM liquid medium with 30 ml L-form test tubes or 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks at 28 or 37°C. Cells at a late logarithmic phase were collected by centrifugation at 1,600ϫg for 10 min at 20°C and washed twice with saline. The washed cells were suspended in saline, and the suspension was inoculated with 1% (v/v) into fresh YPM liquid medium, CT liquid medium, or other liquid media with a pipette. The liquid media were aerobically incubated at 28 or 37°C for 1 or 2 days up to full growth.Determination of bacterial growth. Bacterial growth in liquid media was determined by absorbance at 660 nm with a single-beam spectrophotometer (NO-VASPEC II, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Tokyo, Japan).Investigation of cell shapes. Cell shapes were investigated with a phase-contrast microscope (BX-50, oil immersion lens, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). The change of cell shapes was monitored at various intervals during the growth.Determination of the Gram reaction by the KOH reaction. An incubated liquid medium was centrifuged at 1,600ϫg for 10 min, and precipitates were used to detect the KOH reaction (Powers, 1995).Cell counts. A total cell number was determined with a Thoma-Zeiss counting chamber, and a viable cell number was determined by the number of colonies appearing on nutrient agar plates...

Proposed minimal standards for describing new genera and species of the suborder Micrococcineae

“…As some representatives of the suborder Micrococcineae form spores (arthrospores), e.g. species of the genera Arthrobacter (Tanaka et al, 2001) and Myceligenerans (Cui et al, 2004), it is recommended that it should be stated precisely which kind of spores or resting cells are observed and that the term 'non-endospore-forming' rather than 'non-spore-forming' is used in relevant cases. It is recommended that morphological changes during growth should be tested and noted and that the presence (or absence) of a specific life cycle should be determined.…”

Isolation of Arthrobacter strains on the basis of their cystite formation.

“…Further, they defined the cystites of Arthrobacter strains as being aberrant cell forms, drumstick and oval in the cell shape, in a range of 1.5 to 3.5ϫ1.5 to 7 mm in the cell size, and Gram-negative by the KOH reaction (Powers, 1995). Additionally, Tanaka et al (2001) mentioned the particular occurrence of cystiteforming strains in the A. globiformis/A. citreus group, and the phylogenetic implication of the cystite formation in the genus Arthrobacter.…”

“…citreus group and the A. nicotianae group is placed in several clusters by the 16S rRNA gene sequence (Tanaka et al, 2001). Additionally, the genus Arthrobacter is closely related to other genera, particularly to the genus Micrococcus (Koch et al, 1994).…”

Diversity of Lysis-Resistant Bacteria and Archaea in the Polyextreme Environment of Salar de Huasco

“…However, even though almost all bacteria can enter a dormant state ( Rittershaus et al, 2013 ; Wood et al, 2013 ), the majority of them do not form spores (asporogenic). Nonetheless, there is evidence of alternative survival structures in asporogenic bacteria ( Tanaka et al, 2001 ; Mulyukin et al, 2003 ; Suzina et al, 2004 , 2006 ; Lysak and Lapygina, 2018 ; Filippidou et al, 2019 ), which are often referred to as “cyst-like” cells as they share some morphological and physiological similarities with cysts ( Socolofsky and Wyss, 1961 ; Sudo and Dworkin, 1973 ) and show higher resistance than the vegetative cellular state.…”