The formation of a second-rank tensor in 23Na double-quantum-filtered NMR as an indicator for order in a biological tissue

Eliav, Uzi; Shinar, Hadassah; Navon, Gil

doi:10.1016/0022-2364(92)90128-t

Cited by 68 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Thus when the spectrum originating from T 3,À1 is phased as absorption, that of T 2,À1 will be phased as dispersion. 10,11,15 Graphical illustrations of DQF lineshapes, originating from the T 2,À1 tensor, as a function of R, being the ratio of the residual quadrupolar interaction to the linewidths of the satellite transitions, are given in Fig. 3.…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiquantum filters and order in tissues

et al. 2001

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In ordered systems, where the molecular motion is anisotropic, quadrupolar and dipolar interactions are not averaged to zero. In such cases, double quantum (DQ) coherences can be formed. This review deals mainly with the effect of anisotropic motion of water molecules and sodium ions in intact biological tissues on 2 H, 1 H and 23 Na NMR spectroscopy and its application to NMR imaging (MRI).Double quantum filtered (DQF) spectra of water molecules and sodium ions were detected in a variety of ordered biological tissues. In collagen-containing tissues such as ligaments, tendons, cartilage, skin, blood vessels and nerves, the DQ coherences are formed as a result of the interaction with the collagen fibers. In red blood cells and presumably also in nerve axons it stems from the interaction with the cytoskeleton.For 23 Na, an I = 3/2 nucleus, the DQ coherences can also be formed in isotropic media. By a judicial choice of the pulse angle in the DQ pulse sequence only the DQ coherences arising from anisotropic motion are detected. For I = 1 nuclei such as 2 H, DQF spectra can be observed only in ordered structures. Thus, the observation of 2 H DQF spectra is an indication of order. The same is true for pairs of equivalent 1 H nuclei.The dependence of the DQF signal on the creation time of the double quantum coherences is characteristic to each tissue and allows signals to be resolved from different tissues by performing the measurements at different creation times. In this way, the 2 H DQF signals of the different compartments of sciatic nerve were resolved and water diffusion in each compartment was studied independently. In the axon, the diffusion was heavily restricted perpendicular to the axon's long axis, a result from which the axon diameter could be deduced. In blood vessel walls, this characteristic enabled the different layers of the vessel to be viewed and studied under strain.For 2 H, a DQF spectroscopic imaging sequence was used to study the orientation of the collagen fibers in the different zones of articular cartilage and bone plug. The effect of pressure on the fibers and their return to equilibrium was studied as well. In blood vessels, a DQF image was obtained and strain maps of the different layers were calculated.The efficiency of the 1 H DQF imaging technique was demonstrated on a phantom of rat tail where only the four tendons were detected at short creation times. 1 H DQF imaging and spectroscopy followed the healing of a rabbit's ruptured Achilles tendon and the results were far more sensitive to the process than conventional imaging. Finally, the method was implemented on a commercial whole body MRI spectrometer. Images of human wrist and ankle showed a positive contrast for the tendons and ligaments, indicating the potential of the method for clinical imaging.

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Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10 In their classical paper Jaccard et al 8 pointed out that for spin I = 3/2 nuclei, such as 23 Na, when the motion is slow and the decay of the transverse magnetization is biexponential, both DQF and TQF NMR signals can be observed. The DQF and TQF spectra have the same lineshape and differ only in their intensity.…”

Section: Na In Biological Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiquantum filters and order in tissues

et al. 2001

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“…47,48,72 23 Na, MULTI-QUANTUM FILTERS Multi-quantum-filtering (MQF) of quadrupolar nuclei or dipolar interaction reveal anisotropy in biological tissue. 28,[73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80] MQF NMR spectroscopy of 23 Na has been proposed as a means of partially discriminating between intra-and extracellular Na . 74,76,[81][82][83] Using sodium multiple quantum filtered methods, residual quadrupolar interaction in human skeletal muscle has been demonstrated in vivo.…”

Section: Magnetization Transfer (Mt) In Mr Spectra Of Skeletal Musclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dipolar coupling and ordering effects observed in magnetic resonance spectra of skeletal muscle

Boesch

Kreis

2001

NMR in Biomedicine

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Skeletal muscle is a biological structure with a high degree of organization at different spatial levels. This order influences magnetic resonance (MR) in vivo-in particular 1 H-spectra-by a series of effects that have very distinct physical sources and biomedical applications: (a) bulk fat (extramyocellular lipids, EMCL) along fasciae forms macroscopic plates, changing the susceptibility within these structures compared to the spherical droplets that contain intra-myocellular lipids (IMCL); this effect leads to a separation of the signals from EMCL and IMCL; (b) dipolar coupling effects due to anisotropic motional averaging have been shown for 1 H-resonances of creatine, taurine, and lactate; (c) aromatic protons of carnosine show orientation-dependent effects that can be explained by dipolar coupling, chemical shift anisotropy or by relaxation anisotropy; (d) limited rotational freedom and/or compartmentation may explain differences of 1 H-MR-visibility of the creatine/phosphocreatine resonances; (e) lactate 1 H-MR resonances are reported to reveal information on tissue compartmentation; (f) transverse relaxation of water and metabolites show multiple components, indicative of intra-, extracellular and/or macromolecular-bound pools, and in addition dipolar or J-coupling lead to a modulation of the signal decay, hindering straightforward interpretation; (g) diffusion weighted 31 P-MRS has shown restricted diffusion of phosphocreatine; (h) magnetization transfer (MT) indicates that there is a motionally restricted proton pool in spin-exchange with free creatine; reduced availability or restricted motion of creatine is particularly important for an estimation of ADP from 31 P-MR spectra, and in addition MT effects may alter the signal intensity of creatine 1 H-resonances following water-suppression pulses; (i) transcytolemmal water-exchange can be studied in 1 H-MRS by contrast-agents applied to the extracellular space; (k) transport of glucose across the cell membrane has been studied in diabetes patients using a combination of 13 C-and 31 P-MRS; and (l) residual quadrupolar interaction in 23 Na MR spectra from human skeletal muscle suggest that sodium ions are bound to ordered muscular structures.

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“…The maximum signal intensity (h,,,), the creation time at the maximum signal intensity (T,,,), and the decay time from the maximum signal intensity to a value half of that intensity (TI,? ) are not unique, but these values depend on the amounts of the collagen fibers, the residual dipolar interaction of water (6), and the proton exchange rate (k) as shown in Eqs.…”

Section: Dqf N M R Spectroscopjmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have demonstrated that the maturation and ordering of the collagen fibers in regenerating Achilles tendon can be evaluated according to the anisotropy of the transverse magnetization decay [20]. Double-quantum filtered (DQF) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of quadrupolar nuclei, such as 'H ( I = 1) and 23Na ( I = 3/2), is a technique sensitive to the anisotropy of the nuclear motion [6,18,19]. When deuterated water molecules or Na+ ions interact with macromolecules, such as collagen proteins, the motion and orientation of these molecules are highly restricted.…”

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Evaluation of collagen fiber maturation and ordering in regenerating tendons employing H‐1 double quantum filtered NMR spectroscopy

Ikoma

Kusaka

Takamiya

et al. 2003

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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It is difficult to monitor the chronic stage of the healing process of ruptured tendons employing the present diagnostic modes. However, the results of this study have shown that ' H double quantum filtered (DQF) NMR spectroscopy is sensitive to the later stages of the healing process. Regenerated tendons of rabbits were dissected and measured at the end of the acute phase (three weeks), the subacute phase (nine weeks), and the chronic phase (I3 and 18 weeks after tenotomy). Four parameters were determined by ' H D Q F NMR spectroscopy: (a) the maximum signal intensity (h,J relative to the single quantum spectrum, (b) the creation time of the maximum signal intensity (t,,,), (c) the decay time from the maximum signal intensity to a value half of that intensity (t,,?) and (d) the residual dipolar splitting of water (6), representing the order of the collagen fibers. The values of h, , , , 7112, and 6 of the intact Achilles tendons were 11.3 i-1.0%, 0.48 i 0.03 ms, 0.67 0.04 ms and 732 f 62 Hz (mean i SEM, n = 6), respectively. In the regenerating tendon, h,,, increased from 0.41 i 0.12% at three weeks to 7.07 & 0.77% at 18 weeks, t,,, decreased from 1.88 f 0.31 ms at three weeks to 0.72 & 0.04 ms at 18 weeks, zIl2 decreased from 11.6 i 1.8 ms at 3 weeks to 1.48 i 0.16 ms at 18 weeks, and 6 increased from 129 i 8 Hz at three weeks to 414 29 Hz at 18 weeks. We have concluded that reordering of collagen fibers proceeds continuously even in the chronic stage of healing. Thus, the ' H D Q F NMR spectroscopy is a useful noninvasive technique to evaluate the reconstruction and the order of collagen fibers in regenerating tendon. It is also suggested that t 1 1 2 and h,,, are most useful for in vivo D Q F NMR spectroscopy and imaging, respectively, in combination with tmax.

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The formation of a second-rank tensor in 23Na double-quantum-filtered NMR as an indicator for order in a biological tissue

Cited by 68 publications

References 20 publications

Multiquantum filters and order in tissues

Multiquantum filters and order in tissues

Dipolar coupling and ordering effects observed in magnetic resonance spectra of skeletal muscle

Evaluation of collagen fiber maturation and ordering in regenerating tendons employing H‐1 double quantum filtered NMR spectroscopy

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