The Formation of Humps and Ripples During Selective Laser Melting of 316l Stainless Steel

Tang, Pingmei; Wang, Sen; Duan, Huamei; Long, Mujun; Li, Yandong; Fan, Shuqian

doi:10.1007/s11837-019-03987-7

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The beam center was located at a fixed point (x = 0.025 mm, y = 0 mm, z = 0.05 mm) at the initial time, and then moved along x-axis with time lapse. The method and theory of the simulation were described in detail in another paper (Tang et al, 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of laser energy density on morphology features and microstructures of the single molten track in selective laser melting

Wang

Liu

et al. 2023

Front. Mater.

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Single molten track (SMT) is the basic unit of the selective laser melting (SLM) process, of which the morphology features and microstructures have great significance on the molding quality. In this study, the effects of laser energy density (LED) on characteristics of SMT were studied with 316 L stainless steel processing by SLM. The results indicate that an optimized range of LED was between 200 and 500 J/mm3, which was the best for SLM process of 316 L leading to beautiful SMT appearance such as continuous uniform water-ridge-like surface, good contour straightness, smooth edges, little adhesive powder, and high densification. The microstructures of the SMT molten pool are mainly composed of equiaxed cellular and columnar dendrites. As the LED decreased, the cellular became smaller and disappeared, while the length and width of columnar crystals even gradually increased. The size of the cellular varies between 0.43 and 1.70 μm with the LEDs increase. The relationship between SMT characteristics and LED found in this work can be readily used to optimize SMT and control the microstructures in situ, and the laser energy density range that the work has identified will simplify most of the guess work in additive manufacturing.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of laser energy density on morphology features and microstructures of the single molten track in selective laser melting

Wang

Liu

et al. 2023

Front. Mater.

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“…It is extremely difficult to control the surface finish of melt tracks. The inevitable metallurgical defects, such as balling, ripple effect, or formation of humps like structures, hot spatters and powder spatters, porosities, cracks formed due to residual thermal stresses, are the major contributors to the poor surface quality of AM melt tracks [14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. The staircase effect due to the layer-by-layer nature of the AM process is equally responsible for the higher surface roughness of AM part with inclined surfaces [21,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is well known that hump types of protruded structures are caused by the ripple effect, and the stair-stepped effect is commonly observed on both the surfaces of curved or inclined AM components [14,30]. These phenomena give rise to a higher surface roughness of AM parts, which adversely affect the final part quality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surface Texture Characterization of Metal Selective Laser Melted Part With Varying Surface Inclinations

Narasimharaju

Liu

Zeng

et al. 2021

Journal of Tribology

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Additive manufacturing offers the advantage of infinite freedom to design and fabricate complex parts at reduced lead-time. However, the surface quality of additively manufactured parts remains well behind the conventionally processed counterparts. This paper aims to systematically investigate the impact of varying surface inclination angles with respect to the build direction on the resultant surface textures. A bespoke metal truncheon artefact with inclination angles varying from 0° to 180° was built by selective laser melting. Focus variation microscopy was used to measure the topography of inclined surfaces with the tilt angle up to 132°. The measurement data was then analyzed to characterize the staircase effect and the particles adherent to the artefact surface. Areal surface texture parameters, including height parameters, spatial parameters, functional parameters, and feature parameters, were explored to quantify the general surface topography, the staircase case effect, and the particle features. The areal surface texture characterization and particle analysis reveal the resulted surface topographies are strongly correlated with the surface inclination angles.

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“…The laser scanning directions are indicated by black arrows and superimposed on the scans. Several curved lines, appear on top of all the as-built parts, which are identified as solidified traces of ripples that form on the melt pool during laser scanning [211]. These ripples, marked with black lines on the images, are analogous to those formed on water surfaces from an external disturbance [209].…”

Section: Melt Pool Morphologymentioning

confidence: 98%

In-situ alloying of beta titanium for implant application via laser powder bed fusion

Huang¹

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By manufacturing biomedical β-Ti alloys with Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF), the "stress shielding" problem can be alleviated through compliance matching between bones and the implant. The "stress shielding" effect occurs when the stiffness of an implant is higher than that of the bone. This will lessen the load being bore by the bone, leading to bone resorption and ultimately implant loosening. For the author's research, manufacturing of β-Ti using LPBF was done by in-situ alloying due to its

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The Formation of Humps and Ripples During Selective Laser Melting of 316l Stainless Steel

Cited by 17 publications

References 36 publications

Effects of laser energy density on morphology features and microstructures of the single molten track in selective laser melting

Effects of laser energy density on morphology features and microstructures of the single molten track in selective laser melting

Surface Texture Characterization of Metal Selective Laser Melted Part With Varying Surface Inclinations

In-situ alloying of beta titanium for implant application via laser powder bed fusion

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