The formation of PCDDs and PCDFs in the catalysed combustion of carbon: implications for coal combustion

Luijk, Ronald; Dorland, C.; Kapteijn, Freek; Govers, H.A.J.

doi:10.1016/0016-2361(93)90052-4

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…This is explained as a matrix dilution effect, causing a decrease in the oxidative breakdown and introducing a material that has been shown to promote chlorination (10) instead of dechlorination as was observed in the case of carbon (25).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…PCDFs are less prone to oxidation, and a shift in the PCDD/PCDF ratio is observed. (ii) Chlorination of the macromolecular carbon structure by HCl stabilizes carbon against burn-off and causes a decrease in the delivery of low molecular weight aromatic fragments (5,10,24). The relative importance of chlorination (HC1 in a metal-catalyzed process) and oxidation (CuClz) influences the total yield of PCDDs and PCDFs, their relative ratios, and their isomer distribution pattern.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Mechanism of formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the catalyzed combustion of carbon

Luijk¹,

Akkerman²,

Slot³

et al. 1994

Environ. Sci. Technol.

196

124

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Mechanism of formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzfurans in the catalyzed combustion of carbon. Luijk, R.; Akkerman, D.M.; Slot, P.C.; Olie, K.; Kapteijn, F. Published in:Environmental Science and Technology DOI:10.1021/es00051a019Link to publication Citation for published version (APA):Luijk, R., Akkerman, D. M., Slot, P. C., Olie, K., & Kapteijn, F. (1994). Mechanism of formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzfurans in the catalyzed combustion of carbon. Environmental Science and Technology, 28, 312-321. DOI: 10.1021/es00051a019 General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. Combustion experiments of an activated carbon (Norit RX Extra), catalyzed by CuC12, were conducted in triplicate in a flow of moist air containing 5 vol % HC1 at 300 "C to reveal the mechanism of formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). The catalyst concentration was varied from 0, 0.1,0.5,1.0, to 5.0 wt %. After partial combustion (1 h), the samples were analyzed on the presence of PCDDs and PCDFs. The total yield of these compounds amounted to 19 (0.1 wt % CuC12) and 2 (5.0 wt % CuClz) pg/g of carbon. The PCDD/PCDF ratio showed a decrease from 33 to 0.2. At low copper concentrations, predominantly PCDDs are formed with an isomer pattern that can be explained completely as a product of chlorophenol condensation reactions. At high copper concentrations, the PCDD/PCDF isomer distribution pattern shifts toward a characteristic waste incineration fly ash pattern. A proposal for the mechanism of formation of PCDDs and PCDFs in the catalyzed combustion of carbon will be presented. Condensation reactions of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on carbon ( O w t 9% CuC12)

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the catalyzed combustion of carbon

Luijk¹,

Akkerman²,

Slot³

et al. 1994

Environ. Sci. Technol.

196

124

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Section: Physical and Chemical Characterization Of Ccrsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coal combustion accounted for 40% of the atmospheric PCDF and PCDD emissions occurring in the 1990s in the United Kingdom (Luijk et al, 1993). In coal‐fired power plants, PCDFs and PCDDs are mainly formed in electrostatic precipitators at temperatures between 200 and 400°C, with Cu and Fe having a strong catalytic influence (Luijk et al, 1993). A study conducted by the Electric Power Research Institute concluded that composite dioxin concentrations in FA were below USEPA risk‐based concentrations for soil ingestion at residential and industrial areas (NRC, 2006).…”

Section: Physical and Chemical Characterization Of Ccrsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disposal of Coal Combustion Residues in Terrestrial Systems: Contamination and Risk Management

et al. 2010

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The world's ever-growing energy demand will lead to the installation of new coal-fired power plants. At least part of the coal combustion residue (CCR) generated in the coming years will be disposed of, adding to the large number of CCR disposal sites generated in the past and reinforcing the need for sound assessment and management of associated risks. Physical and chemical composition of CCR varies considerably depending on the quality of the feed coal, the combustion technology, fraction considered, and the method of disposal. Related risk pathways include (i) aerial routes, i.e., dust resuspension (Cr(VI)), emanation of radioactivity (Rn associated with U and Th series), and Hg volatilization threatening animal and human health; (ii) phytoaccumulation (B, Se, Mo, As) and plant toxicity (B) with subsequent effects on animals (e.g., Mo-induced hypocuprosis, As and Se toxicity) and humans (e.g., selenosis; food chain); and (iii) effluent discharge and percolation to groundwater and rivers (suspended solids, unfavorable pH, high Se, B, Hg, and As(III) concentrations). Recent and projected changes of CCR composition due to emerging clean coal technologies require close monitoring as the concentration of volatile elements such as Hg and Se, solubility (Hg, Cd, Cu) and volatilization (Hg, NH(3)) of some pollutants are likely to increase because of higher retention in certain fractions of CCRs and concurrent changes in pH (e.g., by mineral carbonation) and NH(3) content. These changes require additional research efforts to explore the implications for CCR quality, use, and management of risk associated with disposal sites.

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“…De novo synthesis from carbon residuals found in the ash matrix involving chlorination, with subsequent oxidation and release of PCDD/Fs (Stieglitz et al, 1989(Stieglitz et al, , 1991Luijk et al, 1993;Hell et al, 2001;Ryan et al, 2006), and carbon structures such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Iino et al, 1999;Weber et al, 2001;Wilhelm et al, 2001). Formation from condensation reactions of chlorinated precursors such as polychlorinated phenols (PCPh) and polychlorinated benzenes (PCBz) (Karasek and Dickson, 1987;Altwicker et al, 1992;Luijk et al, 1994;Addink et al, 1995;Sidhu et al, 1995;Ghorishi and Altwicker, 1996;Mulholland and Ryu, 2001;Ryu et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decreased PCDD/F formation when co-firing a waste fuel and biomass in a CFB boiler by addition of sulphates or municipal sewage sludge

Åmand

Kassman

2013

Waste Management

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are formed during waste incineration and in waste-to-energy boilers. Incomplete combustion, too short residence times at low combustion temperatures (<700 °C), incineration of electronic waste and plastic waste containing chlorine are all factors influencing the formation of PCDD/Fs in boilers. The impact of chlorine and catalysing metals (such as copper and iron) in the fuel on PCDD/F formation was studied in a 12 MW(th) circulating fluidised bed (CFB) boiler. The PCDD/F concentrations in the raw gas after the convection pass of the boiler and in the fly ashes were compared. The fuel types were a so-called clean biomass with low content of chlorine, biomass with enhanced content of chlorine from supply of PVC, and solid recovered fuel (SRF) which is a waste fuel containing higher concentrations of both chlorine, and catalysing metals. The PCDD/F formation increased for the biomass with enhanced chlorine content and it was significantly reduced in the raw gas as well as in the fly ashes by injection of ammonium sulphate. A link, the alkali chloride track, is demonstrated between the level of alkali chlorides in the gas phase, the chlorine content in the deposits in the convection pass and finally the PCDD/F formation. The formation of PCDD/Fs was also significantly reduced during co-combustion of SRF with municipal sewage sludge (MSS) compared to when SRF was fired without MSS as additional fuel.

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The formation of PCDDs and PCDFs in the catalysed combustion of carbon: implications for coal combustion

Cited by 15 publications

References 11 publications

Mechanism of formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the catalyzed combustion of carbon

Mechanism of formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the catalyzed combustion of carbon

Disposal of Coal Combustion Residues in Terrestrial Systems: Contamination and Risk Management

Decreased PCDD/F formation when co-firing a waste fuel and biomass in a CFB boiler by addition of sulphates or municipal sewage sludge

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