The formation of toxic products during the combustion of halogen-containing polymers

Benbow, A.W.; Cullis, C. F.

doi:10.1016/0014-3057(75)90130-5

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In view of the fact that many commercial flame retardants contain considerable amounts of impurity, however, the temperature of maximum rate of the main degradation reaction appears to be a better criterion of thermal stability. Plots of weight against temperature for the various additives studied in this work [67] (Fig. 12), indicate the high purity of these materials, the order of thermal stability is thus the same as that in Table 4.…”

Section: Fig 1 Curing Study Of a Commercial Resinmentioning

confidence: 73%

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DTA and DSC studies on polymers containing fire retardants

Bhatnagar¹,

Vergnaud²

1983

Journal of Thermal Analysis

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This publication surveys the results obtained by means of thermal analysis particularly with DTA and DSC methods in the field of synthetic and natural polymers treated with various flame retardant additives.The 167 references citated cover the most important territories of the up to date problems.For several years, differential thermal analysis (DTA and DSC) have been widely used as a screening test and for quality control purposes. The most convenient method for studying polymer oxidation by DTA or DSC is to use the instrument in isothermal mode. Typically, thermal equilibrium is established with nitrogen flowing over the sample and the gas is then changed to oxygen or air.In the instruments, a Perkin-Elmer model DSC-2 Calorimeter and SETARAM-DSC III are well known. The capability of the DSC III for doing a gas sweeping of the sample allows the study of solid-gas reactions. The quantitative measurements obtained with different gases are reproducible and can be compared because the sensitivity of the calorimeter is not modified by the nature and the flow-rate of the gas.In the Perkin-Elmer Model DSC-2, the sample weighing between 1 and 20 mg is placed in an open pan in the DSC head, the sample cup closed with a perforated cover and the head closed. At this stage, Billingham et al, found that the temperature was 320 K and an oxygen flow of 30 ml min-1 was maintained in the head. The sample was heated to the required temperature at 320 K min-1 and the recorder and data logger started at the point where thermal equilibrium was indicated. There was a small thermal lag involved due to the sample melting, but this took less than 1 minute and they found this method easier than attempting to change the flowing gas, because of the long gas flow path of the DSC head.

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Section: Fig 1 Curing Study Of a Commercial Resinmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Benbow and Cullis [67] described experiments of the decomposition of halogencontaining polymers. Decabromobiphenyl and decabromobiphenylether which are thermally stable flame retardants were used.…”

Section: Fig 1 Curing Study Of a Commercial Resinmentioning

confidence: 99%

DTA and DSC studies on polymers containing fire retardants

Bhatnagar¹,

Vergnaud²

1983

Journal of Thermal Analysis

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“…While PBBs are effective fire retardants in thermoplastics, they can pose a health hazard because flameless combustion of the consumer products (e.g., in a garbage dump or an office fire) causes volatilization of intact PBBs (47).…”

Section: Human Exposure Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the hazards of polybrominated biphenyls.

Carlo¹,

Seifter²,

DeCarlo³

1978

Environ Health Perspect

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During their peak use period, PBBs represented under 1% of the total sales of fire retardant chemicals, and very probably would have escaped intensive study if they had not been mixed accidentally with animal feed preparations. Instead, international attention was drawn to PBBs by the state-supervised killing of over 35,000 cattle which had been contaminated with PBBs. Interestingly, low doses of PBBs exert a broad spectrum of toxicological, pharmacological, and biochemical effects despite low acute toxicity. These effects and the intensive bioaccumulation of PBBs derive from their structure and their consequent resistance of biotransformation and high solubility in fat. In rodents, PBBs are teratogenic, immunosuppressive, and potentially carcinogenic. In bovine, rodent, and avian species, PBBs reduce feed intake and induce mixed function oxidases of liver microsomes. The latter effect may be responsible for steroid level changes which underline hormonal toxicities observed in cows, mink, rats, and chickens. The effects of PBBs on humans are controversial, but data suggestive of immunological, skin, and liver disorders continue to accumulate. Concern about the clinical effects of PBBs is heightened by the knowledge that these compounds readily enter the fetus by crossing the placental barrier and can be transferred to newborn children after extensive passage into breast milk.

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