The Formation, Structural Characteristics, Absorption Pathways and Bioavailability of Calcium–Peptide Chelates

Abstract

Calcium is one of the most important mineral elements in the human body and is closely related to the maintenance of human health. To prevent calcium deficiency, various calcium supplements have been developed, but their application tends to be limited by low calcium content and highly irritating effects on the stomach, among other side effects. Recently, calcium–peptide chelates, which have excellent stability and are easily absorbed, have received attention as an alternative emerging calcium supplement. Calcium-binding peptides (CaBP) are usually obtained via the hydrolysis of animal or plant proteins, and calcium-binding capacity (CaBC) can be further improved through chromatographic purification techniques. In calcium ions, the phosphate group, carboxylic group and nitrogen atom in the peptide are the main binding sites, and the four modes of combination are the unidentate mode, bidentate mode, bridging mode and α mode. The stability and safety of calcium–peptide chelates are discussed in this paper, the intestinal absorption pathways of calcium elements and peptides are described, and the bioavailability of calcium–peptide chelates, both in vitro and in vivo, is also introduced. This review of the research status of calcium–peptide chelates aims to provide a reasonable theoretical basis for their application as calcium supplementation products.

Structural characterisation of deer sinew peptides as calcium carriers, their promotion of MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation and their effect on bone deposition in mice

“…Studies have shown that the chelating ability of peptides has a correlation with molecular weight, sequence and amino acid composition. 19 Thus, the sequence of DSPs was determined by Nano LC-MS/MS and the total ion flow chromatogram was obtained (Fig. 2).…”

“…18 Therefore, peptide-calcium chelates can be used as a new type of nutritional supplement that can not only promote calcium absorption, but also provide functional active peptides to the consumer, playing a dual role. 19 The development of deer products as food and dietary supplements has gained attention over the past decade or so. Among these products, consumption of venison has increased due to its unique flavor, resulting in a large amount of by-products from slaughterhouses.…”

Molecular Mechanisms of Peptide–Calcium Complexes in Enhancing Calcium Absorption: A Transcriptome Analysis of Caco-2 Cells Treated with Whey Protein-Derived Peptides DAF and EAC

“…Accordingly, the amount of calcium that is absorbed by the human body can vary significantly. In recent years, researchers have been exploring ways to improve the absorption of calcium in the human body, and one of the most promising strategies to enhance calcium absorption is to use calcium-binding peptides derived from dietary proteins. − …”

“…Peptides are absorbed by the PepT1 pathway, which is a proton-coupled transport system that moves peptides across the epithelial cells. 12,14 Calcium ions are absorbed by the TRPV6 pathway, which is a protein channel that facilitates calcium entry into the epithelial cells. 15,16 When calcium intake is normal or high, calcium can also be absorbed by the paracellular pathway, which involves either simple diffusion through the tight junctions or the formation of a calcium channel complex.…”

“…The intestinal epithelium absorbs peptides and calcium through different pathways. Peptides are absorbed by the PepT1 pathway, which is a proton-coupled transport system that moves peptides across the epithelial cells. , Calcium ions are absorbed by the TRPV6 pathway, which is a protein channel that facilitates calcium entry into the epithelial cells. , When calcium intake is normal or high, calcium can also be absorbed by the paracellular pathway, which involves either simple diffusion through the tight junctions or the formation of a calcium channel complex . Previous studies have shown that calcium-binding peptides can increase calcium absorption and that these peptides are absorbed as intact complexes .…”