The four-dimensional stress test: Psychological, sympathetic–adrenal–medullary, parasympathetic and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal responses following inhalation of 35% CO2

Wetherell, Mark; Crown, Anna; Lightman, Stafford L.; Miles, Jeremy N. V.; Kaye, Joey; Vedhara, Kavita

doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.02.005

Cited by 58 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…To account for individual differences in cardiovascular reactivity, pre-stress values were compared with maximal (peak) values during the task and post-task values for each individual for heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (Kaye et al, 2004;Hruschka, Kohrt, & Worthman, 2005;Wetherell et al, 2006) and were assessed across the three workload intensities using two way (low, medium, high intensity X pre, peak, post value) repeated measures analysis of variance. Pre-post differences in mood parameters were assessed across the three workload intensities using two-way (low, medium and high intensity X pre-post stress) repeated measures analysis of variance.…”

Section: Treatment Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A variety of techniques exist for eliciting acute psychological stress in controlled settings; however, they vary in terms of their level of ecological validity, that is, the degree to which they represent the types of stressors encountered in real world settings. Effective laboratory stressors should provide a snapshot of how an individual would respond to a stressor encountered in real life (Wetherell et al, 2006). In support, Kudielka and WÜst (2010) recently highlighted the lack of studies investigating the ecological validity of psychological stress protocols and urged the development of alternative stress protocols, particularly, protocols suitable for repeated administration in the same participants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Multitasking Framework: The Effects of Increasing Workload on Acute Psychobiological Stress Reactivity

Wetherell

Carter

2013

Stress and Health

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Citation: Wetherell, Mark and Carter, Kirsty (2014) The multitasking framework: the effects of increasing workload on acute psychobiological stress reactivity. Stress and Health, 30 (2 Northumbria University has developed Northumbria Research Link (NRL) to enable users to access the University's research output. Copyright © and moral rights for items on NRL are retained by the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. Single copies of full items can be reproduced, displayed or performed, and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided the authors, title and full bibliographic details are given, as well as a hyperlink and/or URL to the original metadata page. The content must not be changed in any way. Full items must not be sold commercially in any format or medium without formal permission of the copyright holder. The full policy is available online: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/policies.html This document may differ from the final, published version of the research and has been made available online in accordance with publisher policies. To read and/or cite from the published version of the research, please visit the publisher's website (a subscription may be required.) RESEARCH ARTICLEThe Abstract A variety of techniques exist for eliciting acute psychological stress in the laboratory; however, they vary in terms of their ease of use, reliability to elicit consistent responses and the extent to which they represent the stressors encountered in everyday life. There is, therefore, a need to develop simple laboratory techniques that reliably elicit psychobiological stress reactivity that are representative of the types of stressors encountered in everyday life. The multitasking framework is a performance-based, cognitively demanding stressor, representative of environments where individuals are required to attend and respond to several different stimuli simultaneously with varying levels of workload. Psychological (mood and perceived workload) and physiological (heart rate and blood pressure) stress reactivity was observed in response to a 15-min period of multitasking at different levels of workload intensity in a sample of 20 healthy participants. Multitasking stress elicited increases in heart rate and blood pressure, and increased workload intensity elicited dose-response increases in levels of perceived workload and mood. As individuals rarely attend to single tasks in real life, the multitasking framework provides an alternative technique for modelling acute stress and workload in the laboratory.

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Section: Treatment Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Multitasking Framework: The Effects of Increasing Workload on Acute Psychobiological Stress Reactivity

Wetherell

Carter

2013

Stress and Health

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“…It is also known that CO 2 inhalation in very high concentration will activate key homeostatic mechanisms involved in the human stress response. Inhalation of 35% CO 2 leads to an increase in serum noradrenalin and cortisol (63). This may affect metabolism and pH homeostasis and, in turn, the expression of the transporters or may even have a direct effect on transporter expression (1,7).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of chronic elevated carbon dioxide on the expression of acid-base transporters in the neonatal and adult mouse

Kanaan

Douglas

Alper

et al. 2007

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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Several pulmonary and neurological conditions, both in the newborn and adult, result in hypercapnia. This leads to disturbances in normal pH homeostasis. Most mammalian cells maintain tight control of intracellular pH (pH(i)) using a group of transmembrane proteins that specialize in acid-base transport. These acid-base transporters are important in adjusting pH(i) during acidosis arising from hypoventilation. We hypothesized that exposure to chronic hypercapnia induces changes in the expression of acid-base transporters. Neonatal and adult CD-1 mice were exposed to either 8% or 12% CO(2) for 2 wk. We used Western blot analysis of membrane protein fractions from heart, kidney, and various brain regions to study the response of specific acid-base transporters to CO(2). Chronic CO(2) increased the expression of the sodium hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1) and electroneutral sodium bicarbonate cotransporter (NBCn1) in the cerebral cortex, heart, and kidney of neonatal but not adult mice. CO(2) increased the expression of electrogenic NBC (NBCe1) in the neonatal but not the adult mouse heart and kidney. Hypercapnia decreased the expression of anion exchanger 3 (AE3) in both the neonatal and adult brain but increased AE3 expression in the neonatal heart. We conclude that: 1) chronic hypercapnia increases the expression of the acid extruders NHE1, NBCe1 and NBCn1 and decreases the expression of the acid loader AE3, possibly improving the capacity of the cell to maintain pH(i) in the face of acidosis; and 2) the heterogeneous response of tissues to hypercapnia depends on the level of CO(2) and development.

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“…Amylase is an enzyme used to hydrolyze or break down starch molecules in the body. The levels of amylase in the body have been used as an effective measure of stress, including social stress such as performance in front of an audience (Nater, La Marca, Florin, Moses, Langhans, Koller, & Ehlert, 2006;Rohleder, Wolf, Maldonado, & Kirschbaum, 2006;Gordis, Granger, Susman, & Trickett, 2006;Nater, Rohleder, Gaab, Berger, Jud, Kirschbaum, & Ehlert, 2005;Rohleder, Natar, Wolf, Ehlert, & Kirschbaum, 2004), testing (Yamaguchi, Kanemori, Kanemaru, Takai, Mizuno, & Yoshida, 2004), competition (Kivlighan & Granger, 2006), and physical stress (Wetherell, Crown, Lightman, Miles, Kaye, & Vedhara, 2006;Chatterton, Vogelsong, Lu, Ellman, & Hudgens, 1996). Although objective, accurate, and repeatable, this method is time consuming, intrusive (experimentally as well as human intrusive), and costly and requires specialized laboratory equipment to analyze the saliva samples.…”

Section: Salivary Amylasementioning

confidence: 99%

Galvanic Skin Response as a Measure of Soldier Stress

Perala¹,

Sterling²

2007

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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The four-dimensional stress test: Psychological, sympathetic–adrenal–medullary, parasympathetic and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal responses following inhalation of 35% CO2

Cited by 58 publications

References 46 publications

The Multitasking Framework: The Effects of Increasing Workload on Acute Psychobiological Stress Reactivity

The Multitasking Framework: The Effects of Increasing Workload on Acute Psychobiological Stress Reactivity

Effect of chronic elevated carbon dioxide on the expression of acid-base transporters in the neonatal and adult mouse

Galvanic Skin Response as a Measure of Soldier Stress

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