The four-terminal conductor and the Thomson bridge

Wenner, Frank

doi:10.6028/bulletin.197

Cited by 25 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…The idea to use electrical resistivity to locate mineral deposits goes back to Fred Brown in 1883 and to Ambronn in 1913 for downhole measurements (see Rust 1938). Frank Wenner of the US Bureau of Standards wrote two papers (Wenner 1912(Wenner , 1915 in which he introduced the concept of apparent resistivity with the idea of exploring larger depths as the distance between the two current electrodes is increased. These papers were published a few years before the papers published by Schlumberger, who also introduced the same concepts in France with the four electrode technique (Schlumberger 1920).…”

Section: Short Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: Some low-frequency electrical methods for subsurface characterization and monitoring in hydrogeology

et al. 2012

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Low-frequency geoelectrical methods include mainly self-potential, resistivity, and induced polarization techniques, which have potential in many environmental and hydrogeological applications. They provide complementary information to each other and to in-situ measurements. The self-potential method is a passive measurement of the electrical response associated with the in-situ generation of electrical current due to the flow of pore water in porous media, a salinity gradient, and/or the concentration of redoxactive species. Under some conditions, this method can be used to visualize groundwater flow, to determine permeability, and to detect preferential flow paths. Electrical resistivity is dependent on the water content, the temperature, the salinity of the pore water, and the clay content and mineralogy. Time-lapse resistivity can be used to assess the permeability and dispersivity distributions and to monitor contaminant plumes. Induced polarization characterizes the ability of rocks to reversibly store electrical energy. It can be used to image permeability and to monitor chemistry of the pore water-minerals interface. These geophysical methods, reviewed in this paper, should always be used in concert with additional in-situ measurements (e.g. in-situ pumping tests, chemical measurements of the pore water), for instance through joint inversion schemes, which is an area of fertile on-going research.

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Section: Short Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: Some low-frequency electrical methods for subsurface characterization and monitoring in hydrogeology

et al. 2012

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“…Lee was one of the first to discover the problem of lateral effects, and he developed the simple partition technique for their recognition and evaluation (Lee andSwartz 1930, Swartz 1932). Many years later Carpenter and Habberjam (1956) promoted the alternative tripotential method of resistance measurement (see also Wenner 1912). Various special electrode configurations and field techniques have also been designed to reduce lateral effects.…”

Section: R E D U C T I O N O F L a T E R A L E F F E C T S U S I N G mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Offset System of Electrical Resistivity Sounding and Its Use With a Multicore Cable*†

Barker

1981

Geophysical Prospecting

169

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One of the most troublesome problems in resistivity sounding is caused by the spurious effects of near‐surface lateral resistivity variations. It has been found that the effects can be strongly reduced by measuring earth resistances at two electrode array positions such that in one position the lateral effect is a positive contribution to the total measured signal and in the other the contribution is negative. The subsequent combination of the two measurements virtually eliminates the lateral effect. The same technique can also result in a significant reduction in the total number of necessary electrode positions. Consequently the method can be used with a multicore cable system. In this way, in addition to improving the accuracy of the measured results, time and manpower are considerably reduced. Details of the method, examples and comparisons with traditional sounding techniques are given.

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“…The electrical resistivity method is one of the most promising geophysical methods for characterizing subsurface conditions, including soil profiling, anomaly detection, and groundwater chemistry [1][2][3][4]. Cylindrical electrodes are usually employed to increase the contact area with the medium, and thus minimize grounding resistance [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, electrical resistivity tests have been widely conducted at diverse scales, from a few centimeters for laboratory-scale tests to kilometers for field tests [8][9][10][11][12]. Large distances among electrodes in field tests force well-known theoretical equations (e.g., Wenner or Schlumberger method) to ignore the geometries of an electrode (radius and penetrated depth) and to only reflect electrode spacing [1,2]. With relatively short electrode spacing (e.g., laboratory tests), the penetrated depth of the electrodes has a significant effect on the electrical resistivity measurements [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theoretical Study on Geometries of Electrodes in Laboratory Electrical Resistivity Measurement

2019

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Electrical resistivity tests have been widely conducted in multiple scales, from a few centimeters to kilometers. While electrode spacing is used to define field resistance, laboratory measurements in a limited space need to consider electrode geometry. However, there are no studies that theoretically explore the effects of the geometries of electrodes and container size on laboratory electrical resistivity measurements. This study formulates a theoretical electrical resistance for the geometry of cylindrical electrodes and the size of a non-conductive container with the method of image charges. As a complementary study, experimental tests were conducted to verify the derived equations. The discussion includes the concepts of the spherical equivalent electrodes and a simple design method for container size.

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The four-terminal conductor and the Thomson bridge

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

Review: Some low-frequency electrical methods for subsurface characterization and monitoring in hydrogeology

Review: Some low-frequency electrical methods for subsurface characterization and monitoring in hydrogeology

The Offset System of Electrical Resistivity Sounding and Its Use With a Multicore Cable*†

Theoretical Study on Geometries of Electrodes in Laboratory Electrical Resistivity Measurement

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