The fracture behaviour of volcanic glass and relevance to quench fragmentation during formation of hyaloclastite and phreatomagmatism

Otterloo, Jozua van; Fernand, Raymond Alexander; Scutter, Ceinwen

doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.10.003

Cited by 60 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 183 publications

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“…This means that up to c. 88% of the thermal energy was converted to mechanical (i.e. potential and kinetic) energy by explosive magma-water interaction in the form of molten fuel-coolant interaction (MFCI; Zimanowski et al 1997), additional quench fragmentation (see Büttner et al 1999;van Otterloo et al 2015), thermal expansion and buoyancy of the ash plume, kinetic energy during transport and heat loss to the atmosphere owing to radiation and convective mixing of the ash cloud with the atmosphere.…”

Section: Emplacement Temperature and Energy Budgetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-temperature emplacement of phreatomagmatic pyroclastic flow deposits at the monogenetic Mt Gambier Volcanic Complex, South Australia, and their relevance for understanding some deposits in diatremes

Otterloo

Fernand

2016

JGS

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The occurrence of pyroclastic flow deposits is not restricted to polygenetic and/or felsic volcanic systems, but can also occur at mafic monogenetic volcanic centres. At the c. 5 ka Mt Gambier Volcanic Complex, Australia, two small-volume pyroclastic flow deposits resulted from phreatomagmatic eruptive phases of the Blue Lake East and the Valley Lake maar craters. The facies descriptions of the two massive, poorly sorted lapilli tuff and tuff breccia deposits are given. Low-grade carbonized wood fragments in the deposits mark low emplacement temperatures (180-270°C) for these deposits with only c. 12-23% of the total thermal energy of the original magma preserved at the time of deposition. The Blue Lake East vent erupted by forming a short-lived vertical eruption column, which could not be sustained and collapsed. The Valley Lake pyroclastic flow deposit has a highly asymmetric dispersal to the west, indicating that this deposit was formed during an eruptive phase with a large westward-directed lateral component. Such massive, poorly sorted deposits outside the maar crater indicate that some similar deposits in diatremes may have originated from surface eruptions and not just from subsurface debris jets.

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Section: Emplacement Temperature and Energy Budgetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-temperature emplacement of phreatomagmatic pyroclastic flow deposits at the monogenetic Mt Gambier Volcanic Complex, South Australia, and their relevance for understanding some deposits in diatremes

Otterloo

Fernand

2016

JGS

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“…The flow spread radially from an eruption column fed by the vent now filled with Dome OP. On entering the caldera the flow is inferred to have acted in a similar manner to a density current entering a restricted basin (e.g., Pickering et al, 1992;Edwards et al, 1994;Mulder et al, 2009;Pickering and Hiscott, 2009;Talling et al, 2012). Reflection between steep caldera walls caused the flow to pond, resulting in a thickened deposit of S2 compared with outside the caldera.…”

Section: Subunit 2 (A and B)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hydrostatic pressure will suppress the magnitude of volatile exsolution and expansion, and is presumed to limit explosive expansion and related fragmentation (Fisher, 1984;Staudigel and Schmincke, 1984). Rapid heat transfer on direct contact between magma and water, however, can induce both explosive (Zimanowski et al, 1997;Austin-Erickson et al, 2008) and passive fragmentation (Carlisle, 1963;Kokelaar, 1986;Schmid et al, 2010;van Otterloo et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics and Deposit Stratigraphy of Submarine-Erupted Silicic Ash, Havre Volcano, Kermadec Arc, New Zealand

2019

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Submarine eruptions dominate volcanism on Earth, but few are observed or even identified. Knowledge of how they operate is largely based on inference from ancient deposits, lagging by a decade or more our understanding of subaerial eruptions. In 2012, the largest wholly deep-subaqueous silicic eruption with any observational record occurred 700-1220 m below sea level at Havre volcano, Kermadec Arc, New Zealand. Pre-and post-eruption shipboard bathymetry surveys, acquisition by autonomous underwater vehicle of meter-scale-resolution bathymetry, and sampling by remote-operated vehicle revealed 14 seafloor lavas and three major seafloor clastic deposits. Here we analyze one of these clastic deposits, an Ash with Lapilli (AL) unit, which drapes the Havre caldera, and interpret the fragmentation and dispersal processes that produced it. Seafloor images of the unit reveal multiple subunits, all ash-dominated. Sampling destroyed layering in all but two samples, but by combining seafloor imagery with granulometry and componentry, we were able to determine the subunits' stratigraphy and spatial extents throughout the study area. Five subunits are distinguished; from the base these are Subunit 1, Subunit 2a, Subunit 3, Subunit 4 (comprising the coeval Subunit 4 west and Subunit 4 east), and Subunit 2b. The stratigraphic relationships of the four AL unit subunits to other seafloor products of the 2012 Havre eruption, coupled with the wealth of remote-operated vehicle observations and detailed AUV bathymetry, allow us to infer the overall order of events through the eruption. Ash formed by explosive fragmentation of a glassy vesicular magma and was dispersed by a buoyant thermal plume and dilute density currents from which Subunits 1 and 2 were deposited. Following a time break (days/weeks?), effusion of lava along the southern caldera rim led to additional ash generation; first by syn-extrusive ash venting, quenching, brecciation, and comminution (S3 and S4e) and then by gravitational collapse of a dome (S4w). Slow deposition of extremely fine ash sustained S2 deposition across the times of S3 and S4 emplacement, so that S2 ash was the last deposited. These thin ash deposits hold information critical for interpretation of the overall eruption, even though they are small in volume and bathymetrically unimpressive. Ash deposits formed during other submarine eruptions are similarly likely to offer new perspectives on associated lavas and coarse pumice beds, both modern and ancient, and on the Frontiers in Earth Science | www.frontiersin.org 1 January 2019 | Volume 7 | Article 1Murch et al.Ash With Lapilli Unit at Havre Volcano eruptions that formed them. Submarine ash is widely dispersed prior to deposition, and tuff is likely to be the first product of eruption identified in reconnaissance exploration; it is the start of the trail to vent hydrothermal systems and associated mineralized deposits of submarine volcanoes, as well as a sensitive indicator of submarine eruptive processes.

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“…For direct magma‐water contact, cooling occurs dominantly by conductive heat transfer in the particle toward the rim, which is rapidly quenched to the ambient value (Mastin, ). An insulating film may reduce the rate of heat transfer by up to 2 orders of magnitude (Schipper et al, ), and cooling in the Leidenfrost case occurs by conduction, convection, and radiation (e.g., van Otterloo et al, ). The Leidenfrost temperature T L corresponds to the minimum melt temperature required to maintain a stable vapor film and depends on the degree of undercooling (i.e., the difference between the boiling point T b and the surrounding water temperature T w ).…”

Section: Cooling Processes During the 2014–2015 Eruptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vesiculation and Quenching During Surtseyan Eruptions at Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Volcano, Tonga

et al. 2018

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Surtseyan eruptions are shallow to emergent subaqueous explosive eruptions that owe much of their characteristic behavior to the interaction of magma with water. The difference in thermal properties between water and air affects the cooling and postfragmentation vesiculation processes in magma erupted into the water column. Here we study the vesiculation and cooling processes during the 2009 and 2014-2015 Surtseyan eruptions of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano by combining 2-D and 3-D vesicle-scale analyses of lapilli and bombs and numerical thermal modeling. Most of the lapilli and bombs show gradual textural variations from rim to core. The vesicle connectivity in the lapilli and bombs increases with vesicularity from fully isolated to completely connected and also increases from rim to core in transitional clasts. We interpret the gradual textural variations and the connectivity-vesicularity relationships as the result of postfragmentation bubble growth and coalescence interrupted at different stages by quenching in water. The measured vesicle size distributions are bimodal with a population of small and large vesicles. We interpret this bimodality as the result of two nucleation events, one prefragmentation with the nucleation and growth of large bubbles and one postfragmentation with nucleation of small vesicles. We link the thermal model with the textural variations in the clasts-showing a dependence on particle size, Leidenfrost effect, and initial melt temperature. In particular, the cooling profiles in the bombs are consistent with the gradual textural variations from rim to core in the clasts, likely caused by variations in time available for vesiculation before quenching. Wilding et al. Key Points:• Lapilli and bombs from Surtseyan eruptions show gradual textural variations due to the quenching in water • The kinetics of magma cooling during Surtseyan eruptions are influenced by particle size, radial position, and Leidenfrost effect • The 3-D analysis of vesicle metrics using X-ray microtomography allows quantification of the percolation threshold in volcanic rocksSupporting Information:• Supporting Information S1Correspondence to: M. Colombier,

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The fracture behaviour of volcanic glass and relevance to quench fragmentation during formation of hyaloclastite and phreatomagmatism

Cited by 60 publications

References 183 publications

Low-temperature emplacement of phreatomagmatic pyroclastic flow deposits at the monogenetic Mt Gambier Volcanic Complex, South Australia, and their relevance for understanding some deposits in diatremes

Low-temperature emplacement of phreatomagmatic pyroclastic flow deposits at the monogenetic Mt Gambier Volcanic Complex, South Australia, and their relevance for understanding some deposits in diatremes

Characteristics and Deposit Stratigraphy of Submarine-Erupted Silicic Ash, Havre Volcano, Kermadec Arc, New Zealand

Vesiculation and Quenching During Surtseyan Eruptions at Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Volcano, Tonga

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