The fracture of brittle thin films on compliant substrates in flexible displays

Chen, Zhong; Cotterell, B.; Wang, Wei

doi:10.1016/s0013-7944(01)00104-7

Cited by 252 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…However, unlike ITO, 7,35,36 these films are electromechanically robust under flexing. However, we currently cannot simultaneously achieve transmittance and sheet resistance to match ITO.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silver Nanowire Networks as Flexible, Transparent, Conducting Films: Extremely High DC to Optical Conductivity Ratios

et al. 2009

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We have used aqueous dispersions of silver nanowires to prepare thin, flexible, transparent, conducting films. The nanowires are of length and diameter close to 6.5 µm and 85 nm respectively. At low thickness, the films consist of networks but appear to become bulk-like for mean film thicknesses above ~160 nm. These films can be very transparent with optical transmittance reaching as high as 92% for low thickness. The transmittance (550 nm) decreases with increasing thickness, consistent with an optical conductivity of 6472 S/m. The films are also very uniform; the transmittance varies spatially by typically <2%. The sheet resistance decreases with increasing thickness, falling below 1 Ω/ for thicknesses above 300 nm. The DC conductivity increases from 2×10 5 S/m for very thin films before saturating at 5×10 6 S/m for thicker films.Similarly, the ratio of DC to optical conductivity increases with increasing thickness from 25 for the thinnest films, saturating at ~500 for thicknesses above ~160 nm. We believe this is the highest conductivity ratio ever observed for nanostructured films and is matched only by doped metal oxide films. These nanowire films are electromechanically very robust, with all but the thinnest films showing no change in sheet resistance when flexed over >1000 cycles. Such results make these films ideal as replacements for indium tin oxide as transparent electrodes. We have prepared films with optical transmittance and sheet resistance of 85% and 13 Ω/ respectively. This is very close to that displayed by commercially available indium tin oxide.

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“…However, unlike ITO, 7,35,36 these films are electromechanically robust under flexing. However, we currently cannot simultaneously achieve transmittance and sheet resistance to match ITO.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silver Nanowire Networks as Flexible, Transparent, Conducting Films: Extremely High DC to Optical Conductivity Ratios

et al. 2009

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“…However, if the density of initial defects is very low, the spacing between the cracks will be modelled by using 'initial defect distribution' as discussed here in [73]. Another observation is that the crack driving force decreases with the increase in crack density [75]. Under plane strain conditions, the energy-release rate at the tip of each crack is given by,…”

Section: Surface Cracking and Crack Channelling In Filmmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of theoretical analysis techniques for cracking and corrosive degradation of film-substrate systems

Nazir

Khan

2017

Engineering Failure Analysis

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This paper contains a review of the most vital concepts regarding the analysis and design of film systems. Various techniques have been presented to analyse and predict the failure of films for all common types of failure: fracture, delamination, general yield, cathodic blistering, erosive and corrosive wear in both organic and inorganic films. Interfacial fracture or delamination is the loss of bonding strength of film from substrate, and is normally analysed based on the fracture mechanics concepts of bi-material systems. Therefore, keeping the focus of this review on bonding strength, the emphasis will be on the interfacial cracking of films and the corresponding stresses responsible for driving the delamination process. The bi-material characteristics of film systems make the nature of interfacial cracks as mixed mode, with cracks exhibiting various complex patterns such as telephone cord blisters. Such interfacial fracture phenomenon has been widely studied by using fracture mechanics based applicable analysis to model and predict the fracture strength of interface in film systems. The incorporation of interfacial fracture mechanics concepts with the thermodynamics/diffusion concepts further leads to the development of corrosive degradation theories of film systems such as cathodic blistering. This review presents the suggestions for improvements in existing analysis techniques to overcome some of the limitations in film failure modelling. This comprehensive review will help researchers, scientists, and academics to understand, develop and improve the existing models and methods of film-substrate systems.

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“…5 However, indium tin oxide is difficult to use in flexible electronics, because it is brittle and breaks easily after bending. 6,7 Therefore, enormous efforts have been made in the research and development of alternative conductors, such as metal nanowires and nanocarbons. 5,8,9 Silver nanowires (AgNWs) are among the most promising candidates because of their high optical transparency and electrical conductivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uniformly connected conductive networks on cellulose nanofiber paper for transparent paper electronics

et al. 2014

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We demonstrate the fabrication of highly transparent conductive networks on a cellulose nanofiber paper, called cellulose nanopaper. Uniform coating of the conductive nanomaterials, such as silver nanowires (AgNWs) and carbon nanotubes, is achieved by simple filtration of their aqueous dispersions through the cellulose nanopaper, which acts as both filter and transparent flexible substrate. The as-prepared AgNW networks on the nanopaper offer sheet resistance of 12 X sq. À1 with optical transparency of 88%, which is up to 75 times lower than the sheet resistance on a polyethylene terephthalate film prepared by conventional coating processes. These results indicate that the 'filtration coating' provides uniformly connected conductive networks because of drainage in the perpendicular direction through paper-specific nanopores, whereas conventional coating processes inevitably cause self-aggregation and uneven distribution of the conductive nanomaterials because of the hard-to-control drying process, as indicated by the well-known coffee-ring effect. Furthermore, the conductive networks are embedded in the surface layer of the nanopaper, showing strong adhesion to the nanopaper substrate and providing foldability with negligible changes in electrical conductivity. This filtration process is thus expected to offer an effective coating approach for various conductive materials, and the resulting transparent conductive nanopaper is a promising material for future paper electronics.

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The fracture of brittle thin films on compliant substrates in flexible displays

Cited by 252 publications

References 8 publications

Silver Nanowire Networks as Flexible, Transparent, Conducting Films: Extremely High DC to Optical Conductivity Ratios

Silver Nanowire Networks as Flexible, Transparent, Conducting Films: Extremely High DC to Optical Conductivity Ratios

A review of theoretical analysis techniques for cracking and corrosive degradation of film-substrate systems

Uniformly connected conductive networks on cellulose nanofiber paper for transparent paper electronics

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