The French at Kilwa Island

Chittick, Neville; Freeman-Grenville, G. S. P.

doi:10.2307/1793102

Cited by 5 publications

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“…On the mainland further south at the crucial town site of Kilwa a reinvestigation of the sequence by Matteru, Lofgren, Nydolf and Wickman-Nydolf 42 has confirmed the basic sequence of occupation established by Chittick in 1974. 43 These excavations show that materials from Kilwa (and Mafia) pre-dating Husuni Kubwa have been dated too late by Chittick and some slight shifts of the chronology backwards are expected on the basis of a series of newly excavated coins. A complete range of earthenware ceramics and osteological material does, however, provide a useful addition to existing material.…”

Section: The Somali-maasai Sub-region: the Hornmentioning

confidence: 92%

Archaeology in Eastern Africa: An Overview of Current Chronological Issues

Sinclair

1991

J. Afr. Hist.

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Even at this still early stage in the development of the chronostratigraphic framework in eastern Africa a number of important advances have been reported. As more attention is paid to the different responses of food producers to the variety of resources provided by the range of available environments then, and only then, will we be in a position to understand the diachronic processes which result in settlement aggregation and urban development.In the Lake Nyanza region at the hub of the Sudanic and Guinea–Congolian regional vegetation centres, early dates for iron working are not yet convincing enough to demonstrate independent invention of iron working, but the region is almost certainly the most important diffusion source of the technique to the eastern and southern sectors of the sub-continent.Currently available data from the Maasai–Somali region show clearly the early adoption of food production techniques and a capacity to absorb iron technology without necessarily abandoning pastoral production. This did not, however, mean a lack of development based on agriculture as the towns of the Somali coast with their advanced craft production clearly show. However, it is interesting that the urban development seems closely linked to the juxtaposition of the valuable agricultural resources provided by the Shabelle river running close to the coast and the marine resources of the littoral.The Zanzibar–Inhambane floral mosaic provides a context for the spread southwards of the early farming communities and for the development of the coastal towns. Particularly important here appears to have been the combination of surface and arboreal forms of agriculture with the exploitation of marine resources. Links eastwards with the specialized floral communities of the Comoro archipelago and Madagascar were also fully established. The highlands of Madagascar experienced the expansion from the eleventh century a.d. onwards of a settlement system increasingly focused upon hydraulic agriculture which culminated in the powerful Merina kingdom and ultimately the present day capital of Antananarivo.On the continent relatively little penetration into the Zambezian miombo woodland communities was achieved by the coastal urban dwellers. In the woodlands of the vast highlands of the interior different developmental trajectories of settlement systems occurred. Here food production cannot be shown to have become established earlier than the late first millennium b.c. But by the mid first millennium a.d. significant settlement hierarchies based on mixed cropping and cattle keeping were established on the Zimbabwe plateau and the margins of the Kalahari. These together with the incorporation of the opportunities presented by inter-regional exchange and the exotic trade goods penetrating from the coast ultimately gave rise to the powerful state formations of the Mapungubwe and Zimbabwe traditions.Together these developments show a remarkable degree of regional articulation and it remains true that an adequate understanding of the processes giving rise to urbanism in any part of eastern Africa cannot be understood in isolation.

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Section: The Somali-maasai Sub-region: the Hornmentioning

confidence: 92%

Archaeology in Eastern Africa: An Overview of Current Chronological Issues

Sinclair

1991

J. Afr. Hist.

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“…One is of the 14th century, the other of the 16th or later. 34 A third type may also be from India. 35 Richard Wilding in his thesis The ceramics of the Lamu Archipelago distinguishes a considerable number of types, especially from Manda, 36 which he believes to derive from India, but the diagnosis is not by any means always certain.…”

Section: The Findsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indian relations with East Africa before the arrival of the Portuguese

Chittick¹

1980

J.R. Asiat. Soc. G.B. Irel.

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The Indian Ocean has for at least two thousand years served as a highway for the exchange of goods and ideas, and the cultural links between the lands bordering it are perhaps closer than over any other region of comparable size. The length of voyages undertaken since early times has been very great, as is forcefully demonstrated by the Indonesian colonization of Madagascar in the first centuries A.D. Commerce has been facilitated by the monsoon which in the western part of the ocean blows for roughly half the year from the northeast and for half in the opposite direction. The eastern and western shores of the western part of the basin share much the same climate and are suited to similar ways of life.

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Le commerce des esclaves sur la cote swahili, 1500-1750

Vernet¹

2003

Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa

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The French at Kilwa Island

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Archaeology in Eastern Africa: An Overview of Current Chronological Issues

Archaeology in Eastern Africa: An Overview of Current Chronological Issues

Indian relations with East Africa before the arrival of the Portuguese

Le commerce des esclaves sur la cote swahili, 1500-1750

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