The French Empire, the colonial state in Vietnam and economic policy: 1885–1940

Colonial and Indigenous Institutions in the Fiscal Development of French Indochina

“…The industrialization of Indochina had a limited impact on both employment, and the tax base, although there were some developments in the inter-war years (Nørlund 1991). In 1914, private investment in industries and mines accounted for almost half of the total; by 1940 these sectors accounted for 60 per cent of the total (Brocheux and Hémery 2009, 163).…”

“…The remainder of the infrastructure budget went to personnel and miscellaneous expenses (Brocheux and Hémery 2009, 157 (Brocheux 1995, 21). The local budget and three large loans from France financed these activities (Nørlund 1991). million piastres up to the end of 1930 (Goudal 1938, 201).…”

Post-Colonial Citizenship Law (Comparative Study of Asian Countries)

“…In Vietnam, a French colony from the end of the 19th century to 1954, followed the French legal and judicial system with local modifications (Marr, 1991). Therefore, most of the laws dealing with citizenship issues are related to the naturalization of French citizenship (Nørlund, 1991). Because Vietnam holds the status of a colony under the French government (Woodside, 1989), unlike Protectorates such as Laos and Cambodia (Burlette, 2007), local residents are treated as "subjects" and generally enjoy more rights and privileges, including access to French citizenship.…”