The Frequency of Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease by Age, Ethnic Group, and Sex in Northern Manhattan, 1988–1993

Abstract

Sex and ethnic differences in the frequency of Parkinson's disease have become increasingly important, because putative genetic and environmental risk factors have been identified. The authors estimated the prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's disease in a culturally diverse community in New York City over a 4-year period (January 1, 1988-December 31, 1991) using a disease registry substantiated, for older individuals, by a subsequent survey of a random sample of Medicare recipients between January 1, 1992, and December 31, 1993. The prevalence rate was 107 per 100,000 persons, and over a 3-year period the average incidence rate was 13 per 100,000 person-years. Age-adjusted prevalence rates were lower for women than for men in each ethnic group and were lower for blacks than for whites and Hispanics. Incidence rates were highest among black men, but they were otherwise comparable across the sex and ethnic groups. The estimated cumulative incidence of Parkinson's disease up to age 90 years was lower for women than for men, which could partially explain the lower prevalence rate. By ethnic group, the cumulative incidence was higher for blacks than for whites and Hispanics, but more deaths occurred among incident black cases. Discrepant prevalence and incidence rates of Parkinson's disease among blacks and women warrant further investigation. While selective mortality could partially account for this paradox, it is also possible that a delay in diagnosis due to limited access to appropriate health services among these individuals could have resulted in the observed discordant rates of disease.

Restorative effect of insulin-like growth factor-I gene therapy in the hypothalamus of senile rats with dopaminergic dysfunction

“…18 Although each of these paradigms has provided useful information for the understanding of Parkinson's disease, they share a significant limitation namely, that the neurological lesions they study are caused by experimental manipulations rather than by aging, the only unequivocal risk factor for Parkinson's disease. 19,20 In this context, the aging female rat emerges as a unique model of spontaneous and progressive age-related DA dysfunction. Besides, the functional status of TIDA neurons can be readily monitored in the animals by measuring circulating PRL levels.…”

Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson’s disease: a review of the evidence

“…Several studies reported lower prevalence of PD in Africa [21,40,[71][72][73], Asia [32,46,62,[65][66][67]74] and South America [63,64] compared to Europe [16,17,19,22,25,58,60,61,75]. To facilitate comparison among 25 studies conducted in different countries, Zhang et al [76] calculated age-standardized prevalence proportions using the US population in 1970 as the standard.…”

“…In fact, the crude prevalence of PD in Africa is lowest in the eastern and western countries, where life expectancy is lowest, whereas prevalence proportions in northern African countries [78,79] are similar to those in developed countries [80]. Another suggested explanation for the low prevalence in Africa is that hospital-based ascertainment used in some studies [40,[71][72][73] may be biased by socioeconomic and cultural factors [77].…”

“…Several studies reported higher prevalence in men than in women [16,19,35,40,62,68], although other studies found no gender difference [20,22,23,25,60].…”

Er der kønsforskelle i hjernens bearbejdning af sprog?

“…Disse forstyrrelser omfatter f.eks. Parkinsons syge, som også i højere grad rammer maend end kvinder (Mayeux et al 1995, Van Den Eeden et al 2003.…”