The freshwater landscape: lake, wetland, and stream abundance and connectivity at macroscales

Abstract

Inland water bodies and their surface hydrologic connections are active components in the landscape, influencing multiple ecological processes that can propagate to broad‐scale phenomena such as regional nutrient and carbon cycles and metapopulation dynamics. However, while lake, wetland, and stream abundance has been estimated at regional and global extents, less attention has been paid to freshwater connectivity attributes among aquatic systems at macroscales. Thus, regional to continental patterns of freshwater abundance and connectivity are poorly understood. We measured lake, wetland, and stream abundance and surface connectivity attributes (i.e., landscape position within stream networks) at a subcontinental extent in the Midwest and Northeast United States to characterize macroscale spatial patterns of the freshwater landscape (i.e., abundance and connectivity attributes of lakes, wetlands, and streams). We found that lake and wetland abundance exhibited opposite spatial patterns from stream density that generally followed glaciation extent boundaries—lake and wetland abundance was high north of the glaciation boundary, whereas stream density was high south of the glaciation boundary. Freshwater connectivity attributes exhibited distinct spatial patterns as defined by our integrated freshwater clusters and revealed a layer of complexity not captured by abundance measures. Patterns of freshwater abundance and connectivity in the study extent were associated primarily with glaciation and secondarily with hydrogeomorphic (e.g., surficial geology and topography), climate (e.g., runoff), and land‐use (e.g., agriculture) variables, providing insight into potential drivers of freshwater composition and distribution. The connectivity spatial patterns observed suggest that relying solely on freshwater abundance measures in macroscale analyses omits unique information on the structural attributes of freshwater systems that can be critical to key ecological processes. Adopting an integrated freshwater landscape framework to study and manage freshwaters is essential as freshwater systems face broad‐scale disturbances that may alter hydrologic connections and subsequently may impact ecosystem processes and services.

The freshwater biome gradient framework: predicting macroscale properties based on latitude, altitude, and precipitation

“…Glaciation can lead to relatively sharp patterns of connectivity. Similar to our analysis, Fergus et al (2017) analyzed lake, wetland, and stream connectivity at the southern extent of glaciation of Eastern North America. They found areas that had been covered by the continental ice sheet had more connected lakes and wetlands.…”

Do lakes feel the burn? Ecological consequences of increasing exposure of lakes to fire in the continental United States

“…For example, air temperature, precipitation, and water residence time influence runoff timing and volume. Watershed stream, wetland and lake abundance, and hydrologic connectivity may influence inflows of nutrients and metals to lakes (Fergus et al, 2017). Lake surface area may mediate ash deposition in lakes and lake morphometry may mediate lake thermal responses and internal nutrient cycling.…”

The Abundance, Size, and Spacing of Lakes and Reservoirs Connected to River Networks

“…River networks and lakes/reservoirs are ubiquitous features of Earth's surface and global water cycle (Oki & Kanae, ). River networks form vast branching networks that connect continents to coasts (Allen & Pavelsky, ), and many lakes/reservoirs have a direct connection and are therefore part of the river network (Fergus et al, ; Hill et al, ; Lehner et al, ; Schmadel et al, ; Wetzel, ). However, descriptions of river network topology typically do not include connected lakes/reservoirs (Jones, ; Mark, ; Mark & Goodchild, ).…”