The function of long noncoding RNA HOTAIRM1 in the progression of prostate cancer cells

Abstract

Increasing life expectancy imposes big challenges to the global health of the male population, because some disorders, such as tumours, tend to progress with age (Bell et al., 2015). Among them, prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of cancer-associated mortality among men, specifically in Western countries; the lowest rates of this cancer are seen in Africa and Asia. PCa has the highest heritability, accounting for almost 10% of all new male tumours. More than 650,000 men worldwide are diagnosed with PCa annually (Fitzpatrick et al., 2009). In addition to family history and genetic factors, well-established risk factors for PCa include Lynch syndrome, country of origin, age and race/ethnicity (Grönberg, 2003; Teoh et al., 2019). Today, PCa is diagnosed based on the measurement of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), also known as DRE (Misawa et al., 2017). PC3 is a grade IV PCa cell line that does not respond to fibroblast growth factors (FGF), androgens or glucocorticoids and has potential metastatic activity. It is useful in studying curative interventions in progressive PCa cells (Ashtiani et al., 2017). Understanding the molecular mechanisms correlated with PCa development and progression is pivotal, where long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are hopeful candidates in assessing PCa initiation and tumorigenesis. Only a small portion of transcripts are translated into proteins, while the majority of them are noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) (Bray

Unlocking the role of non-coding RNAs in prostate cancer progression: exploring the interplay with the Wnt signaling pathway

“…For example, lncRNAs such as TUG1, SOX2-OT, LINC04080, LINC00115, LINC00689, NORAD, SNHG1, and LEF1-AS1 activate the Wnt signaling pathway and promote tumor growth and metastasis by regulating other ncRNAs or proteins ( Wang et al, 2019 ; Li et al, 2020a ; Chen et al, 2020 ; Meng et al, 2020 ; Song et al, 2020 ; Zhang and Li, 2020 ; Peng et al, 2021 ). Conversely, lncRNAs such as lncRNA625 and HOTAIRM1 inhibit the Wnt signaling pathway to suppress cancer, promote cell apoptosis, and inhibit cell proliferation in PCa ( Li et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2021 ). Investigation of the role of lncRNA625 in cancers has revealed that it promotes tumor development in esophageal carcinoma; however, it exerts a significant tumor-suppressive effect on PCa, suggesting that lncRNA625 could potentially serve as a therapeutic target for PCa ( Li et al, 2017 ; Guo-Wei et al, 2019 ).…”

“…In addition, the lncRNA HOTAIRM1 is highly expressed in mature bone marrow cells ( Zhang et al, 2014 ). Silencing HOTAIRM1 in PC3 cells promotes PCa cell apoptosis by downregulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway; however, the exact mechanism remains unknown ( Wang et al, 2021 ).…”

“…For example, the high expression of the lncRNA CCAT2 and SOX2-OT is associated with the diagnosis and prognosis of PCa, indicating their potential utility as biomarkers ( He et al, 2020 ; Song et al, 2020 ). Moreover, these ncRNAs affect the characteristics of PCa cells such as proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis; additionally, these ncRNAs can influence the therapeutic response of cancer cells by regulating the Wnt signaling pathway ( He et al, 2020 ; Song et al, 2020 ; Wang et al, 2021 ). Therefore, Wnt signaling pathway-related ncRNAs are promising prospects as therapeutic targets for PCa.…”

Deciphering the Enigmatic Influence: Non-Coding RNAs Orchestrating Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in Tumor Progression

“…Several studies have reported the mechanisms associated with ncRNAs in PCa. Through the integration of gene chip technology, second-generation sequencing, and data mining, multiple ncRNAs related to the occurrence and progression of PCa have been identified, including microRNA-4429, microRNA-596, microRNA-301a-3p, microRNA-3648, miR-29a-3p, miR-212-5p, miR-30a-5p, miR-324-3p, miR-452-5p, circPHF16, circITCH, lncRNA SNHG7, lncRNA LEF1-AS1, lncRNA HOTAIRM1, and LINC00115, among others [ 111 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 ]. It was found that these ncRNAs regulate biological processes, such as cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and epigenetics, and play an essential part in PCa development.…”

HOTAIRM1 Maintained the Malignant Phenotype of tMSCs Transformed by GSCs via E2F7 by Binding to FUS

“…HOXA transcript antisense RNA myeloid-specific 1 ( HOTAIRM1 ) is a lncRNA that was first reported in 2009. To date, it has been shown to be related to many kinds of human diseases, such as prostate cancer [ 21 ], anaplastic thyroid cancer [ 22 ], and acute myeloid leukaemia cells [ 23 ]. In glioma, studies have shown that HOTAIRM1 can maintain the tumourigenesis of GSCs and promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioma cells [ 24 – 26 ]; however, its role in tMSCs in the glioma environment has never been studied.…”