The function of the phytoplasma effector SWP12 depends on the properties of two key amino acids

Bai, Bixin; Zhang, Guoding; Pei, Baoyan; Song, Qingting; Hao, Xingan; Zhao, Lei; Wu, Yunfeng

doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103052

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Some phytoplasmas effectors with protease activity are SAP05 and SAP54 [16], but the identification of the SLiMs LIG_DCNL_PONY_1 and LIG_FXI_DFP_1 suggests that proteolysis plays a more important role than evidenced in the pathogenicity of phytoplasmas [51]. Other known mechanisms of pathogens of other kingdoms were also revealed as probable infection mechanisms in phytoplasmas, for example, actin polymerization by effectors containing the motif LIG_GBD_Chelix_1 [73,74], or targeting of the host nuclei and transcription factors by effectors with the motif LIG_PCNA_PIPBox_1 [51]. Other host targets are more difficult to predict, such as the target for the SLiM LIG_NRP_CendR_1 that binds to the human neuropilin b1 domain binding site [51], or the motif LIG_PTB_Phospho_1 that binds short peptides with a core Asn-X-X-Tyr motif [51], which has not been found in plant proteins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Novel Insights into Phytoplasma Effectors

Carreón-Anguiano,

Vila-Luna,

Sáenz-Carbonell

et al. 2023

Horticulturae

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Effectoromics has become integral to the identification of pathogen targets and/or host-resistant proteins for the genetic improvement of plants in agriculture and horticulture. Phytoplasmas are the causal agents of more than 100 plant diseases in economically important crops such as vegetables, spices, medicinal plants, ornamentals, palms, fruit trees, etc. To date, around 20 effectors in phytoplasmas have been experimentally validated but the list of putative effectors comprises hundreds of different proteins. Very few families (tribes) have been identified based on homology, such as the SAP05-like, SAP11-like, SAP54-like and TENGU-like families. The lack of conservation in amino acid sequences slows the progress of effectoromics in phytoplasmas since many effectors must be studied individually. Here, 717 phytoplasma effector candidates and 21 validated effectors were characterized in silico to identify common features. We identified functional domains in 153 effectors, while 585 had no known domains. The most frequently identified domain was the sequence-variable mosaic domain (SVM domain), widely distributed in 87 phytoplasma effectors. Searching for de novo amino acid motifs, 50 were found in the phytoplasma effector dataset; 696 amino acid sequences of effectors had at least 1 motif while 42 had no motif at all. These data allowed us to organize effectors into 15 tribes, uncovering, for the first time, evolutionary relationships largely masked by lack of sequence conservation among effectors. We also identified 42 eukaryotic linear motifs (ELMs) in phytoplasma effector sequences. Since the motifs are related to common functions, this novel organization of phytoplasma effectors may help further advance effectoromics research to combat phytoplasma infection in agriculture and horticulture.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SLiM LIG_GBD_Chelix_1 was found in eight effectors; this motif allows for the recruitment of the actin-regulatory proteins that initiates actin polymerization [73,74]. Polymerization of actin is a common molecular mechanism found in infections by pathogens in different kingdoms [74][75][76][77][78].…”

Section: Short Linear Motifs In Phytoplasma Effectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Insights into Phytoplasma Effectors

Carreón-Anguiano,

Vila-Luna,

Sáenz-Carbonell

et al. 2023

Horticulturae

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“…The single amino acid that results in a change in the properties of SWP12 no longer interacts with the wheat transcription factor TaWRKY74, and the single amino acid TA B L E 2 Function and target of phytoplasma effectors. Gao et al (2023) variation in the homologous protein results in the loss of the ability to inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (Bai et al, 2022(Bai et al, , 2023. The study of effector functions has significantly contributed to understanding the mechanisms of symptom formation in phytoplasma diseases.…”

Section: Pathog Enic Mechanis M Of Phy Topl a S Ma Smentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phytoplasma tritici’ manipulates host processes to create an environment conducive to phytoplasma colonization (Bai et al., 2022). The single amino acid that results in a change in the properties of SWP12 no longer interacts with the wheat transcription factor TaWRKY74, and the single amino acid variation in the homologous protein results in the loss of the ability to inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (Bai et al., 2022, 2023). The study of effector functions has significantly contributed to understanding the mechanisms of symptom formation in phytoplasma diseases.…”

Section: Pathogenic Mechanism Of Phytoplasmasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytoplasma: A plant pathogen that cannot be ignored in agricultural production—Research progress and outlook

Wang,

Bai,

et al. 2024

Molecular Plant Pathology

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Phytoplasmas are phloem‐restricted plant‐pathogenic bacteria transmitted by insects. They cause diseases in a wide range of host plants, resulting in significant economic and ecological losses worldwide. Research on phytoplasmas has a long history, with significant progress being made in the past 30 years. Notably, with the rapid development of phytoplasma research, scientists have identified the primary agents involved in phytoplasma transmission, established classification and detection systems for phytoplasmas, and 243 genomes have been sequenced and assembled completely or to draft quality. Multiple possible phytoplasma effectors have been investigated, elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which phytoplasmas manipulate their hosts. This review summarizes recent advances in phytoplasma research, including identification techniques, host range studies, whole‐ or draft‐genome sequencing, effector pathogenesis and disease control methods. Additionally, future research directions in the field of phytoplasma research are discussed.

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“…The action of TENGU is related to auxin and jasmonic acid signaling by repressing the expression of auxin response factor 6 and 8 genes, resulting in dwarfism and floral sterility. Several homologs of these effectors have been discovered in other phytoplasma genomes (Lu et al, 2014;Siewert et al, 2014;Anabestani et al, 2017;Janik et al, 2017;Pecher et al, 2019;Zhou et al, 2021;Bai et al, 2022;Bai et al, 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Candidate pathogenicity factor/effector proteins of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ modulate plant carbohydrate metabolism, accelerate the ascorbate–glutathione cycle, and induce autophagosomes

Dermastia,

Tomaž,

Strah

et al. 2023

Front. Plant Sci.

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The pathogenicity of intracellular plant pathogenic bacteria is associated with the action of pathogenicity factors/effectors, but their physiological roles for most phytoplasma species, including ‘Candidiatus Phytoplasma solani’ are unknown. Six putative pathogenicity factors/effectors from six different strains of ‘Ca. P. solani’ were selected by bioinformatic analysis. The way in which they manipulate the host cellular machinery was elucidated by analyzing Nicotiana benthamiana leaves after Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation with the pathogenicity factor/effector constructs using confocal microscopy, pull-down, and co-immunoprecipitation, and enzyme assays. Candidate pathogenicity factors/effectors were shown to modulate plant carbohydrate metabolism and the ascorbate–glutathione cycle and to induce autophagosomes. PoStoSP06, PoStoSP13, and PoStoSP28 were localized in the nucleus and cytosol. The most active effector in the processes studied was PoStoSP06. PoStoSP18 was associated with an increase in phosphoglucomutase activity, whereas PoStoSP28, previously annotated as an antigenic membrane protein StAMP, specifically interacted with phosphoglucomutase. PoStoSP04 induced only the ascorbate–glutathione cycle along with other pathogenicity factors/effectors. Candidate pathogenicity factors/effectors were involved in reprogramming host carbohydrate metabolism in favor of phytoplasma own growth and infection. They were specifically associated with three distinct metabolic pathways leading to fructose-6-phosphate as an input substrate for glycolysis. The possible significance of autophagosome induction by PoStoSP28 is discussed.

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The function of the phytoplasma effector SWP12 depends on the properties of two key amino acids

Cited by 6 publications

References 84 publications

Novel Insights into Phytoplasma Effectors

Novel Insights into Phytoplasma Effectors

Phytoplasma: A plant pathogen that cannot be ignored in agricultural production—Research progress and outlook

Candidate pathogenicity factor/effector proteins of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ modulate plant carbohydrate metabolism, accelerate the ascorbate–glutathione cycle, and induce autophagosomes

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