The functional ingredients of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) and physiological effects of consuming quinoa: A review

Abstract

The seed of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a pseudocereal well known for its high nutritive value. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the potential for it to be used as a functional food. The nutritional composition, phytochemicals, and experimental evidence on its bioactivities are introduced to evaluate the physiological effects of consuming quinoa, including its antioxidant, hypolipidemic, immunomodulatory, weight‐regulating, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, probiotic, antitumor, and hormone‐regulating effects. The antinutrients, allergenicity, and toxicity of quinoa are then discussed. Overall, many studies and evidences have suggested the functional properties of quinoa, with most of them focusing on the antioxidant and hypolipidemic ability. Compared with the potential benefits, the risk of consuming quinoa is relatively low and easy to be managed. Therefore, quinoa can be considered to have great potential to be promoted as a healthy/functional food. More investigations are needed to confirm the effective intake of quinoa for achieving certain health effects.

Bioactive and pharmacological characterization of Chenopodium quinoa, Sorghum bicolor and Linum usitassimum: A review

“…Quinoa has a protein content of 9.1 to 15.7 %, carbohydrate content of 48.5 to 69.8%, fat content of 4.0 to7.6% and mineral content of 2.0 to 7.7% (Pathan et al, 2022).Quinoa has a rich bioactive profile, and it includes bioactive compounds like flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol), phenolic acids (Ferulic, caffeic and p-coumaric), saponins, phytosterol (β-sitosterol, brassicasterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol), betalains (Betacyanins and Betaxan-thins), stilbenoids and tannins (Gallotannins, Ellagitannins, proanthocyanidins) (Hernández-Ledesma, 2019). These bioactive compounds have shown to exert biological activities such as anti-oxidant effect, Immunomodulatory effect, cardiovascular effect, anti-diabetic effect, antiobesity effect, neuroprotective effect and anti -hypertensive effect (Ng and Wang, 2021). Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is millet or cereal which belongs to the family Poaceae.…”

DNP and ATP regulate the pulp breakdown development in Phomopsis longanae Chi-infected longan fruit through modulating the ROS metabolism

“…The dynamic equilibrium between ROS generation and ROS elimination can balance the ROS level, and thus avoid the oxidative damages and alleviate the membrane lipids peroxidation ( Lin et al, 2021 , Xue et al, 2020 ). ROS-scavenging enzymes (RSEs), such as CAT, APX and SOD ( Lin et al, 2021 ), and antioxidant substances, including total phenolics, flavonoid, GSH, and AsA ( Lin et al, 2021 , Ng and Wang, 2021 , Tang et al, 2021 ), play an important role in ROS metabolism. The abnormal ROS metabolism might disturb the ROS generation-elimination system, and then promote the ROS production and accelerate the membrane lipids peroxidation, and ultimately expedite the decay occurrence in fresh produces ( Hao, Li, Xu, Huo, & Yang, 2019 , Lin et al, 2021 , Wei et al, 2019 ).…”

Effect of Nutrition Interventions on Knowledge and Adoption Feasibility of Gluten Free Products by Celiac Disease Patients

“…Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a pseudocereal and can be explored in innovative food processing industry for development of highly nutritious functional foods. Quinoa due to its phytochemical and bioactive compound profile is known to be a potent antioxidant which can modulate the immune competency and metabolic processes involved in inflammation and can also serve to improve the gut health (Ng & Wang, 2021). It has been emphasised that the regular consumption of processed quinoa have hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic properties owing to unique resistant starch and dietary fibre contents and is very promising for human nutrition (FAO, 2011).…”