The Functional Neural Architecture of Components of Attention in Language Processing Tasks

Shaywitz, Bennett A.; Shaywitz, Sally E.; Pugh, Kenneth R.; Fulbright, Robert K.; Constable, R. Todd; Mencl, W. Einar; Skudlarski, Pawel; Fletcher, Jack Μ.; Liberman, Alvin M.; Shankweiler, Donald; Katz, Leonard; Marchione, Karen E.; Lacadie, Cheryl; Gatenby, Christopher; Klorman, Rafael; Gore, John C.

doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(18)30942-x

Cited by 16 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…Another piece of evidence for the benefit of character writing on mapping is that our study identified a semantic advantage for character writing for adult learners of Chinese. We found greater activation in bilateral middle/superior temporal gyri for the characterwriting condition than the pinyin-writing condition in the implicit writing task, a region associated with verbal semantic representation and storage [Chou et al, 2006a;Howard et al, 1992;Shaywitz et al, 2001]. Our result is consistent with previous behavioral findings that writing practice is more helpful for semantic tasks than for reading only and typing tasks [Guan et al, 2011].…”

Section: Differences Between the Two Learning Conditionssupporting

confidence: 91%

Writing affects the brain network of reading in Chinese: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Cao

Chan

et al. 2012

Human Brain Mapping

111

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Abstract:We examined the hypothesis that learning to write Chinese characters influences the brain's reading network for characters. Students from a college Chinese class learned 30 characters in a characterwriting condition and 30 characters in a pinyin-writing condition. After learning, functional magnetic resonance imaging collected during passive viewing showed different networks for reading Chinese characters and English words, suggesting accommodation to the demands of the new writing system through shortterm learning. Beyond these expected differences, we found specific effects of character writing in greater activation (relative to pinyin writing) in bilateral superior parietal lobules and bilateral lingual gyri in both a lexical decision and an implicit writing task. These findings suggest that character writing establishes a higher quality representation of the visual-spatial structure of the character and its orthography. We found a greater involvement of bilateral sensori-motor cortex (SMC) for character-writing trained characters than pinyin-writing trained characters in the lexical decision task, suggesting that learning by doing invokes greater interaction with sensori-motor information during character recognition. Furthermore, we found a correlation of recognition accuracy with activation in right superior parietal lobule, right lingual gyrus, and left SMC, suggesting that these areas support the facilitative effect character writing has on reading. Finally, consistent with previous behavioral studies, we found character-writing training facilitates connections with semantics by producing greater activation in bilateral middle temporal gyri, whereas pinyin-writing training facilitates connections with phonology by producing greater activation in right inferior frontal gyrus.

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Section: Differences Between the Two Learning Conditionssupporting

confidence: 91%

Writing affects the brain network of reading in Chinese: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Cao

Chan

et al. 2012

Human Brain Mapping

111

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“…Consistent with previous observations (Shaywitz et al, 2001), lexical discrimination was less accurate and slower during the auditory relative to the visual simple and selective attention conditions (main effect of modality: performance accuracy: b ¼ À0.05, t ¼ À2.2, po0.03; reaction time: b ¼ 234.0, t ¼ 6.8, po0.0001). A significant modality by prenatal exposure to maternal smoking by adolescent smoking effect was observed on performance accuracy (b ¼ À0.1, t ¼ À2.0, po0.05; Figure 2a).…”

Section: Effects Of Gender Prenatal Exposure To Maternal Smoking Ansupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Plots of the percent signal change data revealed that, across exposure groups, activation of these regions was greater during the auditory conditions than during the visual conditions, consistent with earlier comparisons of auditory and visual attention demonstrating the importance of these regions for auditory attention (Saito et al, 2005;Shaywitz et al, 2001). Post hoc analyses indicated that during the auditory conditions, activation of right superior temporal gyrus was significantly greater in all exposure groups relative to subjects with neither prenatal nor adolescent exposure, whereas activation of left and right lingual gyrus was significantly greater in subjects with prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke alone than in subjects with neither prenatal nor adolescent exposure.…”

Section: Effects Of Prenatal Exposure To Maternal Smoking and Adolescsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…Consistent with the notion that in humans, neurocircuitry supporting auditory attention may be more vulnerable to the developmental toxicity of nicotine than neurocircuitry supporting visual attention, functional-imaging data revealed significant prenatal exposure by adolescent smoking by modality effects in regions that support auditory attention, including bilateral superior temporal gyrus, encompassing primary auditory cortex on the left (Saito et al, 2005;Shaywitz et al, 2001). During performance of the auditory attention tasks, activation of right superior temporal gyrus was greater in all exposure groups relative to subjects with neither prenatal nor adolescent exposure, whereas activation of bilateral lingual gyrus was greater in subjects with prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke alone relative to subjects with no exposure.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

“…Subjects performed a modified version of a previously described computerized word recognition task that involved three progressively more demanding manipulations of attention (Shafritz et al, 2004;Shaywitz et al, 2001). Trials within each task were 5 s long.…”

Section: Assessment Of Auditory and Visual Selective And Divided Attementioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender-Specific Effects of Prenatal and Adolescent Exposure to Tobacco Smoke on Auditory and Visual Attention

Jacobsen

Slotkin

Mencl

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

136

143

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Prenatal exposure to active maternal tobacco smoking elevates risk of cognitive and auditory processing deficits, and of smoking in offspring. Recent preclinical work has demonstrated a sex-specific pattern of reduction in cortical cholinergic markers following prenatal, adolescent, or combined prenatal and adolescent exposure to nicotine, the primary psychoactive component of tobacco smoke. Given the importance of cortical cholinergic neurotransmission to attentional function, we examined auditory and visual selective and divided attention in 181 male and female adolescent smokers and nonsmokers with and without prenatal exposure to maternal smoking. Groups did not differ in age, educational attainment, symptoms of inattention, or years of parent education. A subset of 63 subjects also underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing an auditory and visual selective and divided attention task. Among females, exposure to tobacco smoke during prenatal or adolescent development was associated with reductions in auditory and visual attention performance accuracy that were greatest in female smokers with prenatal exposure (combined exposure). Among males, combined exposure was associated with marked deficits in auditory attention, suggesting greater vulnerability of neurocircuitry supporting auditory attention to insult stemming from developmental exposure to tobacco smoke in males. Activation of brain regions that support auditory attention was greater in adolescents with prenatal or adolescent exposure to tobacco smoke relative to adolescents with neither prenatal nor adolescent exposure to tobacco smoke. These findings extend earlier preclinical work and suggest that, in humans, prenatal and adolescent exposure to nicotine exerts gender-specific deleterious effects on auditory and visual attention, with concomitant alterations in the efficiency of neurocircuitry supporting auditory attention.

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Altered white matter microstructure underlies listening difficulties in children suspected of auditory processing disorders: aDTIstudy

et al. 2014

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IntroductionThe purpose of the present study was to identify biomarkers of listening difficulties by investigating white matter microstructure in children suspected of auditory processing disorder (APD) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Behavioral studies have suggested that impaired cognitive and/or attention abilities rather than a pure sensory processing deficit underlie listening difficulties and auditory processing disorder (APD) in children. However, the neural signature of listening difficulties has not been investigated.MethodsTwelve children with listening difficulties and atypical left ear advantage (LEA) in dichotic listening and twelve age- and gender-matched typically developing children with typical right ear advantage (REA) were tested. Using voxel-based analysis, fractional anisotropy (FA), and mean, axial and radial diffusivity (MD, AD, RD) maps were computed and contrasted between the groups.ResultsListening difficulties were associated with altered white matter microstructure, reflected by decreased FA in frontal multifocal white matter regions centered in prefrontal cortex bilaterally and left anterior cingulate. Increased RD and decreased AD accounted for the decreased FA, suggesting delayed myelination in frontal white matter tracts and disrupted fiber organization in the LEA group. Furthermore, listening difficulties were associated with increased MD (with increase in both RD and AD) in the posterior limb of the internal capsule (sublenticular part) at the auditory radiations where auditory input is transmitted between the thalamus and the auditory cortex.ConclusionsOur results provide direct evidence that listening difficulties in children are associated with altered white matter microstructure and that both sensory and supramodal deficits underlie the differences between the groups.

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The Functional Neural Architecture of Components of Attention in Language Processing Tasks

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Writing affects the brain network of reading in Chinese: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Writing affects the brain network of reading in Chinese: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Gender-Specific Effects of Prenatal and Adolescent Exposure to Tobacco Smoke on Auditory and Visual Attention

Altered white matter microstructure underlies listening difficulties in children suspected of auditory processing disorders: aDTIstudy

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